Muhammad Azeem Ashraf

By Muhammad Azeem Ashraf

This chapter aims to look at the current status of poverty and existing social policies in Pakistan. Poverty is one of the concerns for the governments of almost all countries including Pakistan. There is a continuous research on the policy measurements by national and international organizations in Pakistan, which demonstrated the decline in poverty. The government has launched many social policies in the past three decades to help the nation in reducing the poverty. Apart from government, many national and international organizations have also contributed a lot in the effort of reducing the poverty. However, there is very little research available on the effectiveness of these social policies, and on the need of social policy areas in particular. Disparity among the urban and rural population is another important factor, which has been discussed in almost every research on poverty. Still, very few social policies in Pakistan are focusing on rural population. Therefore, the issue of social policy needs fresh exploration in the country, which is necessary to make new social policies that can benefit all citizens.

Part of the book: Poverty, Inequality and Policy

By Umar Daraz, Younas Khan, Muhammad Azeem Ashraf and Samson Maekele Tsegay

This study explores the impact of progressive teaching methods on gender equity in STEM education in Malakand Division, Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional exploratory design, it engages educators, students, parents, community leaders, and policymakers through purposive sampling. Through in-depth interviews and focus groups, the research uncovers region-specific challenges and opportunities. Thematic analysis highlights the community’s call for progressive teaching to combat barriers, stereotypes, and promote inclusivity. It stresses the need for inclusive learning spaces, challenging societal norms, and enhancing female representation in STEM leadership. The study advocates for innovative pedagogies, policy changes, and community involvement as catalysts for change. While acknowledging local obstacles like socio-cultural norms and resource constraints, it underscores the potential of community engagement and robust policies to overcome these challenges. Cultural influences on STEM participation, such as familial expectations, are recognized, underscoring the importance of addressing these factors. The study concludes with a plea for interdisciplinary action to dismantle systemic barriers and cultivate a culture of inclusivity and mentorship. Policy recommendations focus on inclusive curricula, targeted recruitment, mentorship initiatives, and community outreach to foster an equitable STEM environment in Malakand Division, Pakistan.

Part of the book: STEM Education