Chapters authored
Review of Health Hazards and Toxicological Effects of Constituents of Cosmetics By John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle and Isaac Omoche Odiba
Cosmetic products are designed for use on human body for beautifying and promoting attractiveness and appearance; for these reasons, cosmetics are in high demand especially among women of all ages in every country. Despite many vulnerabilities associated with cosmetic usage, the cosmetic and ‘makeup’ continues to enjoy wide acceptability irrespective of age and sex. This is made possible by massive advertising employed by producers and marketers of cosmetics. Advertising is the link between manufactured products and would-be consumers; it plays a crucial role in determining the product that is mostly patronised and vice versa. Therefore, ethical advertising that promotes utilitarian benefits of cosmetics should be encouraged over and above emotional advertisement that lowers self-esteem of consumers and offers such products as solution to their low self-esteem. Despite the ban in many countries of poisonous substances in cosmetic products, inexhaustive list of substances, such as lead, chromium, nickel, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, hydroquinone, steroids, nitrosamine, etc. are still present in many cosmetic products. In most cases, above regulatory values, cancers, renal disorders, thinning and easy brushing of the skin, dermatophyte infection with lesions, macular hyper pigmentation, pityriasis vesicular, diabetes mellitus, micropapular eruption, hypertension, etc. are possible toxicological and health hazards that may be associated with continuous cosmetic application.
Part of the book: Poisoning in the Modern World
Review of Environmental and Public Health Impact of Automobile Wastes and Automobile Transportation in Nigeria By John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle, Emeka Chima Ogoko and Perpetua Chioma Okafor
Automobiles are machines designed for transportation; it is a self-propelled vehicle with power source for its propulsion and is used for transporting. Most vehicles imported into Nigeria are rickety and are mostly out of use, and since there is no regulation with regard to quality and quantity of vehicles to be imported coupled with lack of technology to deal with automobile waste, large volumes of automobile waste dot the Nigerian landscape. Negative environmental and public health issues of automobile waste and automobile transportation result from the fact that its several components (metals, metalloids, polymers, etc.) on decomposition or expiration release toxic substances such as phenols (C6H5OH), benzene (C6H6), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and so on into the environment, while on operation, automobiles are the most significant source of air pollution as unburnt diesel releases particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), smoke, soot and ash particles, metal oxides, as well as nitrate and sulfate groups. The aim of this work is to explore and draw out salient points from previous literature with regard to detrimental environmental and public health issues of automobile wastes and automobile transportation.
Part of the book: Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health
pH Precursors as a Factor for Assessing Rainwater Quality in Roofing Sheets: A Case Study of Rivers State, Nigeria
By Daniel O. Omokpariola, John K. Nduka and Patrick L. Omokpariola
Rainwater harvesting is vital for water management in water-scarce regions. This study in Rivers State, Nigeria, assesses rainwater quality from different roofing sheets, emphasizing critical pH precursors. Results show a pH range from 4.50 to 7.90, shifting toward alkalinity with increased rainfall. Temperature rises steadily, while conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and suspended solids decrease during the wet season. Anionic composition showed that Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome had a high level of 4.77 mg/L nitrate, 1.32 mg/L nitrite, and 1.15 mg/L phosphate, while Chokocho has a high level of 11.51 mg/L chloride, 6.48 mg/L sulfate and 3.44 mg/L hydrogen carbonate compared to Ogale and Diobu for zinc roof. Light metal composition indicates concentrations of sodium, calcium, potassium, ammonium, and aluminum. The neutralization factor analysis highlights NH4+ importance, with Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+ play significant roles. Hierarchical and factor analysis showed that influences from industrial emissions, agriculture, biomass burning, road construction, limestone mining, soil resuspension, and metabolic processes impact rainwater’s ionic composition. pH emerges as critical, reflecting anthropogenic influences. pH is critical in all aspects of ionic influence from anthropogenic sources that can impact the rainwater quality over a long period. So, rainwater must be treated before consumption or usage for domestic purposes.
Part of the book: Rainfall
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