Bioremediation, the idea of using living organisms to remove a toxic compound from nature, is an eco-friendly and efficient alternative to conventional physical and chemical remediation technologies. Bioremediation is widely used for cleaning the environment from hazardous pollutants. This method usually involves the use of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants to degrade, transform, or metabolize compounds present in the environment such as herbicides, detergents, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, etc. These microorganisms can remove pollutants due to the presence of metabolic activities of their enzymes. The basic idea of bioremediation is based on the unique activity of microorganisms to metabolize organic and inorganic pollutants in the environment and hence convert these toxic substances into harmless products. Also, usually, the process of bioremediation can be performed in situ or ex-situ, where microbial products can be either inside the cells or released outside the cell mediated by the enzymes present in these microorganisms. Therefore, successful bioremediation of soils and aquatic systems would be achieved using various microorganisms specific to individual pollutants. A bioremediating waste from the environment is gaining importance owing to its ability to address environmental sustainability and provide the best avenue for the management of several environmental pollutants. A wide range of pollutants are treated using bioremediation technology to keep the environment clean, organic and inorganic pollutants pose a great threat to the environment by badly affecting the biodiversity in the environment. Bioremediation has come into force to encounter the environmental pollution menace. Conventional methods for environmental waste removal include physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques. Physical and chemical treatments are expensive and often produce hazardous byproducts. However, they are not based on the specific mechanisms of action, but biological treatment techniques including bioremediation are effective and environmentally friendly. As previously stated, bioremediation involves the use of biological agents such as plants and bacteria to remove or mitigate the impacts of environmental pollutants. Microbes are more widely used than bacteria, owing to their quick growth and ability to be easily managed, which improves their usefulness as bioremediation agents. There are numerous types of bioremediation, such as polluted soil, oil spill cleaning, and crime scene cleanup. Some of the most prevalent types of bioremediation are microbial bioremediation, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation. At its essence, bioremediation improves both human health and the environment. Promoting bioremediation not only cleans our water supplies and enriches the soil, but also greatly improves global air quality. It is a large and expanding discipline that aims to handle environmental issues in an environmentally responsible manner. This book will aim to give the reader a broad and complete introduction to bioremediation and how it can contribute to more than one of the 17 sustainable development goals.