Prof. Lindiwe Khotseng is a professor in the Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Her research focus is on energy nanomaterials. She is a rated researcher in South Africa with published works on fuel cell and biomass waste in international journals and specialized books. She has supervised MSc and Ph.D. students and is the recipient of the 2013 Outstanding Black Researcher award from the Department of Trade and Industry, South Africa.
This book discusses electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for energy, water electrolysis, water treatment, CO2 conversion, and green chemistry. It reviews various electrocatalysts and their properties and electrochemical performances. The first section of the book covers topics in direct alcohol fuel cells including Pt-based electrocatalysts as non-carbon electrode support materials and the development of electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. The second section of the book covers various topics in electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for a cleaner environment, including electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to valuable products and SYNGAS, electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, and much more.
Go to the bookIn this chapter, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is one of the most important reactions in energy conversion systems such as fuel cells, including its reaction kinetics, is presented. Recent developments in electrocatalysts for ORR in fuel cells, including low and non-Pt electrocatalysts, metal oxides, transition metal macrocycles and chalgogenides, are discussed. Understanding of the interdependence of size, shape and activity of the electrocatalysts is evaluated. The recent development of ORR electrocatalysts with novel nanostructures is also reported. The mechanism catalysed by these electrocatalysts is presented. Finally, the perspectives of future trends for ORR are discussed.
Part of the book: Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Evolution
Thermodynamics is the study of energy change from one state to another. The predictions that can be made using thermodynamic equations are essential for understanding fuel cell performance, as a fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant gas into electrical energy. When a fuel cell is operating, some of the input is used to create electrical energy, but another portion is converted into thermal energy, depending on the type of fuel cell. Based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, one can write down thermodynamic potentials to specify how energy can be transferred from one form to another. This chapter examines how electrical energy and thermal energy are transferred in the hydrogen fuel cell system. It also defines how reversible fuel cell voltages, which are the maximum fuel cell performances, are affected by departures from the standard state. Basic thermodynamic concepts allow one to predict states of the fuel cell system, including the potential, temperature, pressure, volume and moles of a fuel cell. The specific topics explored in this chapter include enthalpy, entropy, specific heat, Gibbs free energy, net output voltage irreversible losses in fuel cells and fuel cell efficiency.
Part of the book: Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering
This book chapter reports on various catalyst synthesis methods (impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol methods) to determine which method would result in the most electrochemically active platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) electrocatalyst supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for methanol oxidation reaction in an acidic medium. Different techniques were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts, including the high-resolution transmission electron microscope used for morphology and calculating particle sizes, and X-ray diffraction for determining crystalline sizes. The electroactive catalyst surface area, ECSA of the electrocatalysts was determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), while the electroactivity, electron kinetics, and stability of the electrocatalysts towards methanol oxidation were evaluated using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry, respectively. The microwave-assisted modified polyol method produced the PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalyst with the most enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to other PtRu/MWCNT catalysts produced by the impregnation, polyol, and modified polyol methods.
Part of the book: Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment
South Africa produces approximately 7 million tons of sugarcane bagasse annually as an agricultural residue, which is treated as waste and its disposal is known to have negative impacts on the environment. To lessen reliance on petroleum and polymers, consideration is given on use of sugarcane bagasse ash as substitute materials for the development of fillers for rubber and other large-scale commodity polymers. This work reports on the mechanical, physiochemical, and structural properties of sugarcane bagasse ash to define the compatibility with the specific polymers that will pave way to the engineering of composites to utilize the potential benefits of these residue-derived fillers. The structural and morphological properties of the untreated and treated sugarcane bagasse ash were performed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, respectively. The obtained results confirmed the successful treatment of the sugarcane bagasse ash. The study was successful in showing that sugarcane bagasse ash as potential filler in rubber polymer matrix is a natural resource of silica, which is sustainable and cost-effective, thus should be harnessed for industrial purposes in South Africa.
Part of the book: Application and Characterization of Rubber Materials
In this work, heat-treated PtRu metal alloys based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were synthesized using modified polyol approach for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in acidic conditions at 2500, 3500, and 4500 C. The catalysts physical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) was used to determine the shape, particle size, and particle size distribution of the catalysts, where spherical and agglomerated PtRu nanoparticles with narrow particle size distribution were observed with particle sizes ranging from 0.600 to 1.005 nm. Their crystalline sizes were assessed using the XRD with catalysts presenting a face-centered crystal structure, which is typical of platinum structures with crystalline sizes ranging from 0.500 to 1.180 nm. Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy, (EDS), was used to identify the elements. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the electroactive surface area (ECSA) and MOR of the electrocatalysts, whereas electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to study their electro-kinetics and stability towards MOR, respectively. PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts alloyed at 450°C showed better electroactivity and kinetics as compared to other catalysts, evident from the highest current density of 19.872 mA/cm2 and lowest charge transfer resistance of 0.151 kΩ from CA and EIS, respectively.
Part of the book: Ruthenium
Silica molecules present in commercial objects can pose a hazard to human health, which is why the environmentally friendly synthesis of silica has been intensively researched in the recent decades. This chapter describes the synthesis of silica from sugarcane bagasse waste and its physical and chemical properties for potential use in eco-friendly applications. Sugarcane bagasse was burned to produce ash, which was then calcined in a 700°C kiln before being treated with citric acid to remove silica from the ash. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed that after the acid treatment, 78–79% of the silica was produced and strong peaks were observed in the X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) at 2Ɵ = 28 (degree) and an average diameter of 28 nm for 1-HDTA and 30 nm for TPAH, determined by the Scherrer equation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra also confirms the presence of synthesized silica. In addition, the shape of the particles was analyzed by TEM and SEM images and it is found that synthesized silica had a spongy shape with irregular sizes ranging from 25 to 50 nm. Overall, the studies show that organic bases are capable of synthesizing silica with application-specific properties from agricultural waste using green chemistry.
Part of the book: Advances in Green Chemistry
Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles supported by graphene nanomaterials were prepared and tested in this work using methanol as the fuel. The synthesized nanoparticles were used as electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cell. The support materials were synthesized by modified Hummer’s method and subsequently doped with nitrogen using melamine. The electrocatalysts were synthesized using modified polyol method. The synthesis method of the electrocatalyst was further modified by adjusting the pH of the electrocatalyst from 12 to 13. The structural characterization of the support materials was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique while that of the electrocatalysts was also done using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The elemental analysis was carried out using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to validated the presence of N-doped in Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) and NrGO support materials and the Pd loading. The electroactivity, electron kinetics and stability of the electrocatalyst towards methanol oxidation were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) respectively. The results showed that the modification of electrocatalyst by increasing the pH to 13 did not improve the activity of the electrocatalyst generally since the supported Pd catalysts synthesized by modified polyol method exhibited better electroactivity towards methanol oxidation than their pH 13 counterparts.
Part of the book: Methanol Fuel in Transportation Sector and Fuel Cells [Working title]