Adrenal Cortex Hormones By Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf
Over 50 different steroids, including precursors to other steroid hormones, are secreted by the adrenal glands, which are located directly above the kidneys. Aldosterone and hydrocortisone, however, are the two most significant hormonal steroids created by the adrenal cortex. Since aldosterone is too expensive to produce commercially, other semi-synthetic analogues are now used to treat Addison’s disease in its place. Fludrocortisone, for example, greatly increases both salt retention and anti-inflammatory activity when combined with hydrocortisone. The kidneys’ ability to reabsorb sodium is increased by aldosterone. Increased blood volume will follow an increase in plasma sodium concentration. Additionally, aldosterone boosts potassium ion excretion. Addison’s disease is brought on by inconsistency. Glycogen storage synthesis is induced by the synthesis of glycogen synthase, and gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from glucose) is induced in the liver.
Part of the book: Adrenal Glands
Current Drugs Strategies for Treatment of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases By Ali Gamal Al-kaf and Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi
Nervous system problems affect around 600 million people worldwide. Among these, neurodegenerative illnesses are often distinguished by a late adult start, a progressive clinical course, and a localized loss of neurons in the central nervous system. These include, among others, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, Prion diseases, encephalitis, epilepsy, genetic brain disorders, hydrocephalus, stroke, and Alzheimer’s and other less common dementias. The brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and intracranial white matter are among the areas that neurodegeneration typically affects. Mendelian inheritance is well-established, despite the fact that most neurodegenerative illnesses are sporadic. The neuropathological findings and clinical symptoms in hereditary neurodegenerative disorders are intriguing. Regretfully, there are few neurodegenerative diseases for which no effective treatments are available. The rare hereditary types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as ataxias, multiple system atrophy, spastic paraplegias, Parkinson’s disease, dementias, motor neuron diseases, and uncommon metabolic disorders, are highlighted in this chapter along with their clinical and genetic characteristics.
Part of the book: Rare Neurodegenerative Disorders - New Insights [Working title]
Biological Activities of Recent Advances in Quinazoline By Ali Gamal Al-Kaf and Rana Abdullah Al-Robaidi
Quinazolines are important stable heterocyclic compounds of great biological activates. Naturally, they are found in many plants that are the source of these quinazolines in addition they are synthesized chemically. Recently quinazolines represent a nucleus of the vast majority of novel compounds that have promising biological activity. They show different activities by acting on different body targets such activities are anticancer, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antituberculosis, and antimalarial activity. This chapter highlights the recent advance in the biological activates of quinazolines and quinazolines derivatives on different biological targets.
Part of the book: Recent Advances on Quinazoline