Rintaro Ono

By Rintaro Ono

This chapter introduce the archaeological new findings and current outcomes for the past human marine exploitation and maritime or coastal adaptation particularly in the Wallacea region where I have studied for long time. One of the oldest and important data I discuss here is from Jerimalai Cave site from East Timor and Leang Sarru site from Talaud Islands. The finds from East Timor demonstrate the high level of maritime skills and technology possessed by the modern humans who colonized Wallacea. These skills would have made possible the occupation of the faunally depauperate islands of Wallacea and facilitated the early maritime colonization of Australia and Near Oceania. On the other hand, Leang Sarru site dated back to 35,000 years ago on Talaud Islands where located over 100 km away from neighbour islands. The site also produced large number of marine shells from the late Pleistocene via Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene, then we can also discuss the past maritime exploitation and adaptation from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene in the Talaud Islands, where located in Northern part of Wallacea. During the Holocene after 12,000 years ago, various capture technology invented, and great variety of fish and shellfish species had been exploited by modern human. Especially the fishing technology and Ocean navigation technology were developed after the Neolithic times in Wallacea to the Pacific. Most famous archaeological records related them are the Lapita migration and colonization to many islands in Melanesia to Western Polynesia where were mostly uninhabited islands before them. After the Lapita colonization, the Polynesians who are the descendant of Lapita people succeeded to colonize Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand by the 12th to 13th centuries. The distance to these islands from their neighbour islands or continent is over 4000 km, hence the success of migration by the Polynesian clearly indicate their maritime adaption and navigation technology were highly developed. In fact, it is a dramatic event that modern human succeeded to migrate to all over the world except North and South Pole when the colonization to New Zealand was done by the Polynesians. It also shows that marine environment were our last target for migration and colonization in this world after the human birthed in and around inner forest environment over 600 million years ago. This chapter also discuss such developments of marine exploitation and maritime adaptation after the Holocene or Neolithic to modern times, then reviewing the human adaptation history to coastal and marine environments.

Part of the book: Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments

By Rintaro Ono, Alfred Pawlik and Riczar Fuentes

Island migration and adaptation including both marine and terrestrial resource use and technological development by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues for Pleistocene archaeology in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and directly related to the behavioral and technological advancements by AMH. This paper discusses such cases in the Wallacean islands, located between the past Sundaland and the Sahul continent during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene open sea gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They were also a barrier for hominin migration into the Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We summarize three recent excavation results on the Talaud Islands, Sulawesi Island and Mindoro Island in Wallacea region and discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands and their adaptation to island environments during the Pleistocene.

Part of the book: Pleistocene Archaeology

By Rintaro Ono and Alfred Pawlik

Part of the book: Pleistocene Archaeology

By Rintaro Ono, Alfred Pawlik and Riczar Fuentes

Around 50,000 years ago, early modern humans migrated from Island Southeast Asia and via the Wallacean islands into the continent of Sahul in Oceania by several sea crossings. The Wallacean archipelago can be broadly divided into northern Wallacea comprising the northern Indonesian islands and most of the Philippine islands, except Palawan, and southern Wallacea with the southern Indonesian islands and Timor. This chapter focuses on the cases of early modern human maritime migration and resource use in northern Wallacea during the late Pleistocene. Of the Pleistocene sites in northern Wallacea, two important sites are presented and discussed: the Goa Topogaro cave complex in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, now dated to 42 ka, and the Bubog rock-shelter sites in Mindoro, Philippines, dated to at least 35 ka, based on our excavations. We discuss both localities in their regional context, as well as their role in maritime migration and seafaring in Wallacea and Sahul, and provide a comparison with other cases in the Ryukyu Islands, adjacent to northern Wallacea.

Part of the book: The Prehistory of Human Migration