Abstract
The sustainability of the environment and the productivity of agriculture are both critically dependent on soil. Maximizing agricultural yields while reducing agriculture’s negative environmental effects is becoming more and more important as the world’s population continues to expand. Innovating tillage and management techniques to harness the potential of the soil is a topic that is explored in this chapter. The first section of the chapter describes the difficulties that contemporary agriculture faces, such as soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and water shortages. The part new technology has played in managing soil. Making educated management decisions is made easier by using precision agricultural technology like soil sensors, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS). These technologies provide useful insights into soil variability. It emphasizes how crucial it is to implement sustainable soil management techniques in order to guarantee long-term agricultural output and ecological harmony. The chapter’s conclusion emphasizes the need of maximizing soil potential through creative methods of tactical tillage and management. Agricultural systems may raise crop yield, lessen their environmental effect, and become more resilient to climate change by using sustainable soil practises, assuring a more sustainable and food-secure future.
Keywords
- sustainability
- innovative tillage
- nutrient depletion
- remote sensing
- soil potential
1. Introduction
Degraded soil and less ecosystem services, which in turn promotes unsustainable agricultural development [1]. This is true even though intensive agriculture is crucial for meeting the world’s growing food demand [2]. One of the most important anthropogenic activities that have had a substantial impact on soil health is the intensive use of farms and tillage practices. A key issue affecting the sustainability and productivity of the soil is the degradation of the soil’s health brought on by multiple-cropping systems and tillage. Tillage intensive cropping practices have deteriorated soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics and decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) levels [3]. Soil ecosystems to function and perform sustainably, it is essential to safeguard and improve soil function and health [4, 5]. It is possible to establish whether diverse soil management strategies have the necessary effectiveness for soil functions and productivity if multiple soils attributes and processes are merged into a single estimate value of soil health [6, 7]. The effect of the tillage system on soil characteristics must be taken into account in order to maintain soil fertility and assess the sustainability of agricultural systems [8, 9, 10]. By using a system of soil minimal tillage, the amount of larger vegetal leftovers (minimum 30%) that are left at the soil surface and in the upper 10–20 cm layers of the soil, in various phases of decomposition, shows an increasing tendency. Through the use of minimal systems, humus determination after 4 years shows an increasing trend, with an increase of up to about 0.41%. Conservative agriculture impacted on organic carbon accumulates in soil at a rate between 0.27 and 1.10 tha−1 year−1 [11, 12, 13, 14, 15] which ultimately improve the soil health. Strategic tillage is a practice in agriculture that involves the targeted and purposeful manipulation of soil through mechanical means to achieve specific objectives. It encompasses various techniques used for soil preparation before planting and for managing soil conditions after planting. Tillage tools are employed to bring about desired effects such as pulverization, cutting, or movement of the soil. The primary goals of strategic tillage are to enhance soil structure, control weeds, manage crop residues, improve water intake and storage, facilitate root development, and promote optimal growing conditions for crops [16].
2. Fundamentals of strategic tillage
Strategic tillage involves different types of tillage operations, including primary tillage and secondary tillage. Primary tillage is performed to break and loosen the soil for a significant depth, typically ranging from 15 to 90 cm (6–36 inches). It includes various equipment such as moldboard plows, disk plows, rotary plows, chisel plows, and subsoil plows [17]. These tools are used based on the soil type, the desired depth of tillage, and the specific objectives of the tillage operation.
2.1 Key principles and objectives
The key principles and objectives of strategic tillage can be summarized as follows:
(i)
3. Recent innovations in tillage equipment
3.1 Modern tillage equipment
Modern tillage equipment has seen several advancements in recent years, aiming to improve efficiency, soil health, and sustainability in agricultural practices. Some notable innovations include:
(i)
3.2 Precision tillage tools and implements
Precision tillage focuses on precise control of tillage operations to optimize seedbed conditions, minimize soil disturbance, and preserve soil structure. Some recent innovations in precision tillage tools and implements include: (a)
3.3 Conservation tillage machinery
Conservation tillage focuses on minimizing soil disturbance and maintaining residue cover to protect soil health and reduce erosion. Recent innovations in conservation tillage machinery include:
(i)
3.4 No-till and reduced-till systems
No-till and reduced-till systems have gained traction as sustainable alternatives to intensive tillage. Recent developments in these systems include:
4. Soil health improvement techniques
Utilizing cover crops is one method for enhancing soil health and environmental quality [43]. When the primary cash crops are not growing, certain crops, referred to as cover crops, are planted instead. These cover crops were chosen because of their range of beneficial effects on the soil.
Benefits of cover cropping for soil health improvement:
1.
5. Soil amendment and fertilization practices
By promoting soil fertility, nutrient availability, and general soil structure, soil amendment and fertilization practices are essential for enhancing soil health. The following are some essential components of fertilization and soil amendment techniques and how they help to promote soil health:
6. Precision agriculture and soil mapping
Precision farming, often referred to as agricultural precision or smart farming, is a cutting-edge method of managing agriculture that makes use of technology to enhance production, efficiency, and sustainability in farming practices [59]. It entails utilizing a variety of technologies to gather and analyze data in order to give farmers all the knowledge they need to manage their crops and livestock. Several crucial technologies for accurate agriculture include:
Global positioning system (GPS) technology: GPS enables precise mapping and tracking of agricultural machinery and field operations [60]. This aids farmers in maximizing planting, irrigation, and harvesting, ensuring that each process is carried out precisely and with the least amount of overlap possible.
Geographic information system (GIS): GIS creates precise maps of farmers’ fields by fusing information from GPS with additional geographic information. They can use this information to recognize variations in soil types, moisture levels, and other characteristics, allowing for management techniques that are site-specific.
Real-time information on crop health, water stress, and insect infestations can be obtained via remote sensing devices [61], like satellites and drones. Producers can use this knowledge to spot problems early and execute targeted treatments.
Soil sensors are used in the field to detect vital characteristics such as soil moisture, nutrient levels, pH, and others. With the aid of this information, farmers can accurately apply fertilizer and irrigation, minimizing waste and maximizing crop development.
Weather monitoring: farmers can make educated decisions about planting, harvesting, and other significant operations by using weather stations on the farm or having an understanding of local meteorological data [62].
With the help of a technology known as variable rate technology (VRT), farmers can adjust the rates at which inputs like insecticides are used and fertilizers are applied based on the particular requirements of various fields [63]. This limits abuse while reducing environmental effects and increasing production.
Automated machinery: autonomous or semi-autonomous machinery can carry out operations with great precision, such as planting, spraying, and harvesting, which lowers labor expenses.
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, including sensors and actuators, are utilized to remotely control and automate a range of farming operations while giving real-time data [64] to their scalable and environmentally friendly capabilities [65]. These tools deliver insightful infoPrecision farming, often referred to as agricultural precision or smart farming, is a cutting-edge method of managing agriculture that makes use of technology to enhance production, efficiency, and sustainability in farming practices [59]. It entails utilizing a variety of technologies to gather and analyze data in order to give farmers all the knowledge they need to manage their crops and livestock.
7. Soil erosion processes
Water erosion, wind erosion, tillage erosion, and soil loss during crop harvesting are the typical classifications of soil erosion (sometimes known as “harvest erosion”). The primary driver distinguishes the various erosion kinds, as indicated by the nomenclature. Water (such as precipitation and snowmelt) is the primary cause of water erosion, and its various forms include sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion [66]. Wind, the main driver of wind erosion, causes many types of soil transport, including creeping, saltation, and suspension, depending on the particle size [67]. The type of tillage tool being used (such as a mouldboard plow or chisel plow) affects how much dirt is moved throughout the plowing process [68]. Soil loss occurs during crop harvesting when crops are harvested and the harvested product comes into touch with the soil directly, as in the case of sugar beet and potatoes [69]. Although all types of soil erosion are significant environmental processes, the number of peer-reviewed papers is drastically out of proportion as shown in Figure 1. While water erosion predominates in publications (10,505–16,817 research), agricultural harvesting-related soil loss is almost completely ignored (29–36 studies). This may be explained by the fact that, according to [71], water erosion accounts for 35.9 Petagrams of carbon (Pg) of soil loss annually, making it the most significant soil erosion process in the world.
One of the biggest problems in many countries today is soil erosion, which is a global concern. According to [72], the process called soil erosion through which soil is destroyed as a result of a combination of natural (such as water, wind, and snow) and man-made (such as intense and extensive agriculture) forces. In terms of the aquatic and terrestrial environments, the effects of soil erosion on agricultural output, source water quality, and ecosystem health are detrimental [73]. The primary causes of soil erosion include geography, ground cover, climate erosivity, and soil erodibility. Agriculture output is based on soil. Soil erosion in the agricultural area has put the sustainability of agricultural activities in jeopardy. Accelerated soil erosion harms both the environment and the economy [74]. Both on-site and off-site productivity may have been impacted by soil erosion. The loss in output from soil erosion that occurs both on-site and off-site is attributed to three interrelated consequences: a drop in soil quality, long-term productivity effects, and short-term productivity effects [75]. Two effects of soil erosion that render the area concerned unsuitable for agriculture and affect the productivity of agricultural land are denudation of topsoil and a loss in soil fertility. Asia is home to the majority of the world’s tropical and subtropical fruit production, which accounts for 90% of the world’s rice production [76]. Asia is also well-known for its vast plantations of key cash crops including tea, palm oil, coconut, sugarcane, and rubber. Sadly, agriculture activities have a negative impact on the environment, namely soil erosion, despite giving Asia a healthy supply of riches. Asia has possibly had the most severe soil erosion of any continent.
Numerous studies on soil erosion management techniques are carried out every year across Asia. Studies mostly concentrate on the impact of various management practices, such as tillage operation [77], mulching [78], cover crop [79], and intercropping [80] on runoff generation and erosion process. Studies on control methods have also been found to be extremely encouraging outside of Asia. Additionally, those studies use a variety of techniques, including straw mulch [81] and catch crop [82]. Researchers in the linked subject have consistently produced studies on how to address soil erosion issues and produced a number of sometimes-conflicting findings. These can be the result of sampling variation, study faults, or discrepancies in the studies. As a result, it is unclear if the most accurate outcomes should be employed or used in the real world. So, in order to locate previously conducted research, a systematic review is required.
According to Figure 2, over the previous 6 years, tillage operations (22.73%) have been tested the most frequently, followed by mulching (21.21%), cover crops (18.18%), grass culture (15.15%), and other management techniques.
8. Economic and environmental implications
1.
9. Future directions and emerging trends
Modern farming techniques that attempt to increase output while reducing environmental impacts include strategic tillage and sustainable agriculture. The need for creative and sustainable ways is becoming more and more obvious as the agriculture sector deals with issues like climate change, soil degradation, and population expansion [90]. Strategic tillage and sustainable agriculture are being shaped by a number of rising trends, pushing the sector toward more effective and environmentally friendly methods [91].
10. Conclusion
Harnessing soil potential through innovation in strategic tillage and management practices is crucial for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity and environmental health. Throughout this chapter, we have explored various aspects of soil management and how they contribute to optimizing crop yields while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Modern agriculture faces a number of difficulties, including soil deterioration, nutrient depletion, and water shortages, which emphasize the pressing, need to use sustainable soil management techniques. Conventional tillage techniques have shown to be successful in the short term, but they can have negative long-term effects such soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. We can maintain soil structure, hold onto organic matter, and boost soil health by using alternative tillage techniques including conservation tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till farming. However, farmer education and extension services are necessary for the effective adoption of new soil management practices. In order to ensure widespread acceptance and long-term success, it will be essential to equip farmers with the information and abilities to embrace sustainable practices. In addition, encouraging government policies and incentives are required to promote the use of sustainable agriculture methods. Governments may play a key role in promoting sustainable soil management by offering financial incentives, technical assistance, and legislative frameworks. In conclusion, the key to attaining sustainable agriculture is to maximize the potential of the soil via innovation in strategic tillage and management practices. We can make future generations more food secure and resilient by maintaining soil health, maximizing resource utilization, and reducing environmental consequences. Protecting the wellbeing of both people and the environment will depend on adopting sustainable soil management techniques.
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