Carlos Rosales

By Carlos Rosales

Multicellular organisms constantly encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they do have powerful means of fighting infections. Cellular responses involve phagocytosis of bacteria and encapsulation of parasites. In addition, insects can mount a humoral response against pathogens. This is characterized by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Recognition of foreign pathogens involves specific receptors for sensing infection. These include peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and β‐glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs). Engagement of these receptors starts signaling pathways that activate the genes that encode antimicrobial peptides. These pathways include the Toll, the Imd, and the JAK‐STAT. This chapter describes the innate immunity of insects including both the cellular and humoral responses to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In addition, recent advances in insect antivirus immune responses are discussed.

Part of the book: Insect Physiology and Ecology

By Carlos Rosales and Eileen Uribe‐Querol

Oral tissues are constantly exposed to damage from the mechanical effort of eating and from the invasion of foreign microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and virus. In healthy oral tissues, there is a balance between symbiotic bacteria and cells from the innate immune system, mainly neutrophils. When this balance is broken, inflammation appears and more immune cells are recruited to the gingiva. Neutrophils form a barrier against dysbiotic bacteria. However, when neutrophils are insufficient, bacteria thrive causing periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth‐supporting tissues or periodontium. Damage of periodontal tissues leads to tooth loss, and in severe cases, it can also affect systemic health by increasing a person's risk for atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and even cancer. The mechanisms neutrophil employ to keep a balance with bacteria in order to maintain healthy oral tissues is the focus of this chapter. We discuss how neutrophil antimicrobial functions keep bacteria at check and how some dysbiotic bacteria block neutrophils to promote an inflammatory state. Also, novel therapeutic approaches for periodontitis are discussed.

Part of the book: Role of Neutrophils in Disease Pathogenesis

By Carlos Rosales and Eileen Uribe-Querol

Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in blood, are relevant cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody molecules are crucial activators of neutrophils. IgGs identify many types of pathogens via their two Fab portions and are in turn detected through their Fc portion by specific Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on the membrane of neutrophils. Thus, antibodies bring the specificity of the adaptive immune response to the potent antimicrobial and inflammatory functions of neutrophils. Two types of FcγRs with several polymorphic variants exist on the human neutrophil. These receptors are considered to be redundant in inducing cell responses. Yet, new evidence presented in recent years on how the particular IgG subclass and the glycosylation pattern of the antibody modulate the IgG–FcγR interaction has suggested that a particular effector function may in fact be activated in response to a specific type of FcγR. In this chapter, we describe the main types of FcγRs on neutrophils and our current view on how particular FcγRs activate various signaling pathways to promote unique effector cell functions, including phagocytosis, activation of integrins, nuclear factor activation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

Part of the book: Neutrophils

By Carlos Rosales, Dulce Uribe Rosales, José de Jesús Ramos-Nieto and Eileen Uribe-Querol

In 2020, more than 275,000 children and adolescents from 0 to 19 years of age were diagnosed with cancer in the world. Acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia are the most frequent types of cancer. Leukemia is a serious condition that is fatal in many cases. Since tumor cells are present in both, bone marrow and circulating blood, very aggressive therapeutic treatments are required to eliminate tumor cells. Neutrophils are white blood cells that first respond against microbial pathogens and are produced in the bone marrow. Several drugs used in leukemia cancer treatment can reduce the total neutrophil number causing neutropenia. In this chapter we will briefly describe neutrophil maturation and functions as well as the different types of neutropenia. We will also focus on neutropenia consequences and some clinical approaches for treating neutropenia in pediatric patients.

Part of the book: New Updates in Tumor Microenvironment [Working title]