Mansurat Oluwatoyin Shoge

By Khalifa Musa Muhammad and Mansurat Oluwatoyin Shoge

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern for global health security because of its impact on human, environment, and animal health. This tendency of AMR was corroborated by Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic. This chapter focuses on the global concern of AMR, its causes, and solutions. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is one of the solutions employed globally to tackle the challenge of AMR. The objective of the AMS includes: reducing antibiotic abuse, lowering healthcare costs, and tackling AMR. Therefore, it is pertinent to decrease AMR and protect global health. Many countries are implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in order to reduce AMR. The misuse of antibiotics is one of the major factors that cause AMR. To reduce antibiotic abuse pharmacists have a key role to play. Finding new drugs to treat resistant pathogens is another solution to AMR. Plants have contributed immensely to traditional medicine and drug discovery due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. They have the potential to contribute immensely to tackling AMR.

Part of the book: Antimicrobial Stewardship

By Mansurat Oluwatoyin Shoge

Drug delivery systems using nanogel are extremely essential. Chemical cross-linking is used to create it and the 3D polymer network of the nanogel has the capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic therapies, such as proteins, compounds containing small molecules and ultrasmall nanoparticles. They were synthesized with a precise surface area and space due to their nanoscale structure, which also increased the stability of whatever medications they contained and increased the length of time they could circulate. Through the use of pH sensitivity, redox sensitivity, and temperature sensitivity, nanogels can achieve varied responsiveness. This is accomplished by designing specific chemical structures and employing various production methods. Consequently, the development of a multifunctional nanogel-based drug delivery system has increased the efficacy of illness therapies. As nanoscopic drug carriers, nanogels have drawn a lot of interest, especially for the site- or time-specific delivery of bioactive mediators. Nanogel preparations come in a variety of useful forms because to the wide variety of polymer systems and the straightforward adjustment of their physicochemical properties. Nanogels have exceptional levels of stability, drug loading potential, biologic consistency, strong permeation potential, and responsiveness to environmental cues. Nanogels have demonstrated great promise in a variety of sectors, including the delivery of genes, chemotherapeutic treatments, diagnosis, the targeting of particular organs, and many more. This review primarily focuses on various types of nanogels, preparation techniques, including techniques for loading drugs, various modes of biodegradation mechanisms, and primary mechanisms for drug release from nanogels.

Part of the book: Hydrogels and Nanogels