Chapters authored
Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel Wastes as an Ingredient for Edible Films Containing Kabog Millet Flour
Fossil-based plastic is a popular material for food packaging. It can cause negative environmental consequences due to its low biodegradability. To address this challenge, a pectin-based edible plastic with added nutritional value by incorporating whole-grain kabog millet flour was prepared. The pectin in the films was extracted by microwave-assisted and enzymatic procedures from orange peel wastes. The extracted pectin was tested for its degree of esterification using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, its molecular weight and behavior in aqueous solutions using size-exclusion chromatography, and its monosaccharide composition using ion-exchange chromatography. Biodegradable and edible pectin films were produced and tested for their mechanical properties: maximum strain, maximum stress, and water contact angle. The results showed a significant increase in hydrophobicity of the film surface by adding whole-grain kabog millet flour. The maximum strain of the film, however, was reduced to around 80% upon the addition of the whole-grain kabog millet flour. Enzymatically-extracted pectin increased the film hydrophobicity. Hydrophobic surfaces have higher water resistance; thus, the enzymatically-extracted pectin can be developed for further applications. Due to the low elasticity of the films, a possible application would be as direct coating of fruits and vegetables incorporating antioxidants or antimicrobials.
Part of the book: Utilization of Pectin in the Food and Drug Industries