Chapters authored
Hydrocephalus Associated with Myelomeningocele
Hydrocephalus (HCP) is one of the most common associations of myelomeningocele, and it may be overt and present at birth or be latent and develop following the repair of myelomeningocele. In patients with myelomeningocele, aqueductal stenosis, fourth ventricular obstruction, subarachnoid obstruction at the tentorial hiatus, and the crowded posterior fossa, which are all related to Chiari II malformation, are the various causes of hydrocephalus. The clinical manifestations depend on the age at presentation, but most patients present with macrocephaly and craniofacial disproportion, increasing head size, bulging anterior fontanelle, calvaria sutural diastasis, distended scalp veins, poor feeding as well as signs of raised intracranial pressure such as vomiting, headache, and altered consciousness. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and supportive radiological investigations such as transcranial ultrasound, brain computerized tomographic scan, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Prompt treatment is very important to obtain optimal clinical outcomes, and this may be by inserting a shunt or performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization.
Part of the book: Frontiers in Hydrocephalus