Chapters authored
Mechanisms of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Sudden Cardiac Death
More than 450 million people worldwide have diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) that arises from insufficient insulin secretion or resistance to insulin’s action. More than 70% of individuals with chronic DM will develop cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases (CADs), hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy (heart failure), stroke, and chronic kidney disease. A significant number of these individuals will also succumb to sudden cardiac death (SCD). SCD usually occurs in early morning from abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. When the pumping action of the heart becomes erratic, a reduction in oxygenated blood to the brain leads to unconsciousness and brain damage. SCD is independent of age and sex and positively correlates with impairment in cardiac metabolism, muscle damage, fibrosis, apoptosis, hypertrophy, ischemia, and deranged cation signaling. This review centers on mechanisms by which intracellular cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) handling, inflammation, and oxidative and carbonyl stresses due to diabetes-induced hyperglycemia can lead to the deterioration of excitation/contraction coupling (ECC), impaired contractility, arrhythmias, and SCD in DM patients. It also discusses the beneficial effects of exercise training to attenuate the risk of SCD.
Part of the book: Sudden Cardiac Death
Understanding Cardiomyopathy: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Types, Mechanisms, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) encompass a heterogeneous group of cardiac disorders affecting mainly many of the elderly populations globally. Clinical presentation of cardiomyopathy varies among patients, based on the type and severity of the disorder. Preventing cardiomyopathy involves a multifaceted approach. Management strategies for cardiomyopathy encompass a spectrum of interventions. Medications, including beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics, and anti-arrhythmic drugs, are commonly prescribed to patients. Device implantation, including pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and ventricular-assist devices (VADs), is necessary in some cases. Lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications. Reduction in alcohol consumption, smoking and stress level, weight management, and regular exercise programmes, are essential components of adherence to self-care. Surgical interventions may be considered, including cardiac surgery and, in severe cases, heart transplantation. This review provides a thorough understanding of cardiomyopathy, covering a wide range of crucial aspects, including epidemiology, risk factors, types, subcellular and molecular mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and prevention strategies, a profound understanding of these aspects is essential for healthcare professionals and researchers to enhance patient health care.
Part of the book: Exploring the Causes, Prevention and Management of Cardiomyopathy [Working title]