Nikolaos Nikolettos

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Theodora Deftereou, Anna Chalkidou, Anastasia Bothou, Fotini Gaitatzi, Eleftherios Chatzimichael, Selma Gyroglou, Arsou Chalil Bourazan, George Stanulov, Spyridon Michalopoulos, John Tsirkas, Irene Babageogaka, Werner Rath, Georg-Friedrich Von Tempelhoff, Stefanos Zervoudis, Georgios Iatrakis, Georgios Galazios and Nikolaos Nikolettos

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs is a serious condition that can lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in about 15–24% of cases. If it is not diagnosed/treated timely, nearly 15% of these PE are lethal. The relationship between travel and staying in the same position for a long time is well-known since World War II. Generally, it is more frequent in air flights. It is also associated with the economic downturn in airplanes because passengers have limited space and have greater difficulty of moving. It is estimated that approximately 1–6% of long-haul passengers arrive at their destination with a clot in their veins, but most DVT are asymptomatic.

Part of the book: Tourism

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Anna Chalkidou, Anastasia Bothou, Angeliki Gerede, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Spyridon Michalopoulos, Ioannis Tsirkas, Fotini Gaitatzi, Irene Babageorgaka, Apostolos Lazarou, Natalia Sachnova, Michael Koutsogiannis, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Theopi Nalbanti, Eythimios Demosthenous, Georgios Dragoutsos, Ifigenia Apostolou, Alexios Alexiou, Panagiotis Petsidis, Stefanos Zervoudis, George Iatrakis, Werner Rath, George Galazios and Nikolaos Nikolettos

Twin pregnancies are categorized according to three factors, zygosity, chorionicity and amnionicity. Dizygotic twins are always dichorionic and diamniotic, where each twin has its own chorionic and amniotic sac. Monozygotic twins account for 1/3 of twin pregnancies and show higher morbidity and mortality. In monozygotic twins, chorionicity and amnionicity are determined by the time of zygote division. Chorionicity and amnionicity determine the risks of twin pregnancy. Morbitidies are shown notable decreasing tendency depending on improving of high risk obstetric and neonatal care, however is still discussed the optimum labour management in twin pregnancies Vaginal delivery in twin pregnancies is possible when both have cephalic presentation and in the late weeks of pregnancy during which the risks of prematurity are minimized. The aim of this review was the assessment and evaluation the impact of the labour modus and timing of termination of twin pregnancies due to rise of their occurrence based on scientific aspects of the new published literature on perinatal outcome.

Part of the book: Current Topics in Caesarean Section

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Christina Tsiggalou, Anastasia Bothou, Aggeliki Gerede, Ifigenia Apostolou, Fotini Gaitatzi, Anna Chalkidou, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Spyridon Michalopoulos, Georgios Dragoutsos, Ioannis Tsirkas, Irini Babageorgaka, Theopi Nalbanti, Natalia Sachnova, Alexios Alexiou, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Christos Tsalikidis, Stefanos Zervoudis, Panagiotis Peitsidis and Nikolaos Nikolettos

Antiphospholipid syndrome which is also known as APS is an autoimmune disease which represents an acquired form of thrombophilia. The etiology of APS remains unknown. This disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks some of the normal human proteins and manifests itself as recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis and it could emerge after abortions or in recurrent pregnancy loss. In APS, the body produces the wrong antibodies against phospholipid-binding proteins, that is present in the blood and plays an important role in coagulation. Antibodies are specific proteins that usually target and neutralize the body’s invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. When antibodies attack phospholipid-binding proteins, blood clots abnormally. Specifically, it could cause blood clots in veins or arteries leading to stroke and various pregnancy complications such as: endometrial death, miscarriage, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and prematurity. APS is divided into primary and secondary, which is associated with autoimmune diseases and more often with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while antibodies against cardiolipin are detected in many other conditions (infections, malignancies, drugs, etc.). The symptoms of APS, in addition to arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy complications, are multisystemic and the differential diagnosis of the primary APS from the secondary, in the context of SLE, is of particular clinical interest and is subject of this literature review.

Part of the book: Inflammation in the 21st Century

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Triada Charmanidou, Stefani Filiou, Georgios Iatrakis, Anastasia Bothou, Efthimios Oikonomou, Dimitrios Kyriakou, Aise Chatzi Ismail Mouchterem, Alexios Alexiou, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Nektaria Kritsotaki, Theopi Nalbanti and Nikolaos Nikolettos

Prematurity nowadays has taken on significant dimensions. It is a complex medical issue with socio-economic consequences. The estimation of cervical length, assessed during the second trimester of pregnancy, using transvaginal ultrasound, may help to reduce rates of prematurity. By predicting the risk of preterm birth and identifying women who are at high risk of preterm birth, certain practices could be implemented, such as the use of progesterone or cerclage placement. Nonetheless, it remains unsolved the question of certain strategies, such as the use of progesterone in pregnant women with shortened cervical lengths. This work examines the relationship of cervical length during pregnancy to the perinatal outcome.

Part of the book: Childbirth

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Xanthi Anthoulaki, Efthimios Oikonomou, Anastasia Bothou, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Alexios Alexiou, Dimitrios Kyriakou, Theopi Nalbanti, Sonia Kotanidou, Nektaria Kritsotaki, Natalia Sahnova, Aise Chatzi Ismail, Vlasios Spanakis, Georgios Iatrakis and Nikolaos Nikolettos

The human vaginal microbiota is an important component of the defense system to fight microbial and viral infections. During pregnancy, a significant decrease in overall diversity is observed in the vaginal flora, and there is an increase in stability as the composition of the vaginal flora changes gradually. These alterations are linked to a decrease in vaginal pH and an augmentation in vaginal secretions. The composition of the vaginal microbiome changes according to gestational age, with its composition in advanced weeks of pregnancy resembling that of nonpregnant women. There is supporting evidence for the existence of differences in the neonate’s microbiome between those born via C-section and those delivered vaginally. The evidence suggests that this difference is a result of the changes that occur in the mother’s microbiome, particularly in the vagina. The vaginal microbiome serves as a crucial barrier between the external environment and the intra-amniotic cavity. The vaginal microbiome appears to play a significant role as an additional defense mechanism of the mother and, consequently, the fetus. Any abnormalities in this microbiome can potentially impact the pregnancy and perinatal outcome.

Part of the book: Childbirth

By Panagiotis Tsikouras, Anna Chalkidou, Georgios Iatrakis, Efthimios Oikonomou, Anastasia Bothou, Dimitrios Kyriakou, Aise Chatzi Ismail Mouchterem, Alexios Alexiou, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Nektaria Kritsotaki, Theopi Nalbanti, Sonia Kotanidou, Stefanos Zervoudis and Nikolaos Nikolettos

Menopause should be treated as a state of alteration of estrogen metabolism. It is characterized by a decrease in progesterone and an increase in estrogen followed by a drop in estrogen. The purpose of this study is to investigate the activity of hyaluronic acid 120 mg and isoflavones MF11RCE 80 mg, in the recovery of the symptoms of menopause and the treatment of its secondary complications such as osteoporosis, urogenital atrophy and accompanying urinary incontinence and vasomotor syndrome MF11RCE isoflavones are widely used to treat various disorders related mainly to women’s health and mainly osteoporosis and menopausal discomforts, based on epidemiological studies that brought the above diseases to a lower percentage, in populations with a high consumption of these plant estrogens. Isoflavones are derived from plants and structurally or functionally resemble endogenous-natural estrogens and their active metabolites. Therefore, they have significant estrogenic (agonistic/antagonistic) activity.

Part of the book: Women's Health Problems - A Global Perspective [Working title]

By Georgios Iatrakis, Stefanos Zervoudis, Anastasia Bothou, Eftymios Oikonomou, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Kyriakou Dimitrios, Nalmpanti Athanasia-Theopi, Kritsotaki Nektaria, Kotanidou Sonia, Spanakis Vlasios, Andreou Sotiris, Aise Chatzi Ismail Mouchterem, Kyriaki Chalkia, Christos Damaskos, Nikolaos Garmpis, Nikolaos Nikolettos and Panagiotis Tsikouras

In light of the limitations of mammography, ultrasound, and breast MRI, some other breast imaging techniques have recently been investigated to reduce false positive rates and raise breast cancer detection including (1) digital breast tomosynthesis, (2) bilateral contrast-enhanced dual-energy digital mammography, (3) ultrasound elastography, (4) abbreviated breast MRI, (5) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and (6) ductoscopy and duct cytology. The purpose of this review was to examine the advantages and disadvantages of these six different breast cancer imaging techniques.

Part of the book: Latest Research on Breast Cancer [Working title]