Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted mostly through exposure to contaminated food or water, or through exposure to infected persons. This infection can occur sporadically or in an epidemic form, confers lifelong immunity and it is preventable by a safe and effective vaccine. Therefore, prevention strategies are crucial and could eradicate the infection if they were successfully employed. In this chapter, authors summarize mode of transmission and preventive measures for HAV among the following population groups: travellers, health care workers, men who have sex with men, individuals who use illicit drugs, sewage workers, food handlers, military personnel, prisoners, blood transfusions recipients, haemophiliacs and patients with HIV and chronic liver disease. Moreover, authors describe which of these groups are eligible for HAV vaccination according to available data.
Part of the book: Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases
Anal dysplasia, a precancerous condition of the anal canal, is increasingly recognized as a significant health concern, particularly among individuals with high-risk factors such as patients living with human immunodeficiency virus, men who have sex with men, a history of anogenital cancer, and immunosuppression. Screening for anal dysplasia has emerged as a critical measure for early detection and treatment, in order to prevent progression to invasive AC. This chapter provides an overview of anal dysplasia screening modalities, including anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy, while discussing their benefits and limitations. The significance of risk stratification and prevention measures is also emphasized. The potential benefits of anal dysplasia screening in reducing the burden of anal cancer and improving patient outcomes are highlighted, along with the need for further research and comprehensive screening programs to optimize early detection and management of anal dysplasia.
Part of the book: Anorectal Disorders