The spleen is the largest peripheral organ of the immune system. The standard volume of lymphodissection in stomach cancer during gastrectomy or proximal resection is D2, which implies splenectomy. Immunity disorders in patients after splenectomy primarily affect the B cell immune response. Peripheral blood B-lymphocytes subpopulations have been studied in patients with gastric cancer. Group 1 - patients with gastrectomy, D2 lymphodissection, group 2 - patients with gastrectomy, D2-lymphodissection, splenectomy. Evaluation of the expression of antigens (CD20, CD21, CD23, CD38, HLA-DR, CD71, CD10, CD95, CD25, CD5, CD56, κ- and λ-light was performed in the gate of CD19+ cells. Among peripheral blood lymphocytes the presence of CD19+CD5+ B cells (B1a cells), some of which express the activation antigens CD38 and CD23 is found; a small part of CD5+ B cells is CD25+CD38−. The number of CD23+ cells ranged from 25 to 40% in different patients. A significant number of B cells with a low level of CD21+ expression were detected. In group 2 after surgery, the percentage of cells with CD5+ expression significantly increased, the relative amount of CD19+ lymphocytes, CD19+CD21+ B cells decreased. Given data on B1 and BMZ populations, this can lead to a weakening of both general and antitumor immunity.
Part of the book: Normal and Malignant B-Cell
Minimal residual disease (MRD) as a tool to monitor response to therapy is both a criterion for detailed risk stratification and an independent prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Immunological assays particularly flow cytometry (FC) are priority methods in MRD monitoring. Multicolor flow cytometry makes it possible to most fully characterize the immunophenotype of tumor B lymphoblasts and reveal leukemia-associated immunophenotypes not only according to the CD58 and CD38 antigens but also as an additional criterion of aberrancy. This allows you to identify and select individual criteria for further monitoring of minimal residual disease for each patient with ALL. The aim of this chapter is to compare immunophenotyping features of normal B-cell precursors and B-lymphoblasts in acute leukemia and to show possibilities of use of a leukemia-associated immunophenotype in monitoring of the MRD.
Part of the book: Normal and Malignant B-Cell
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is one of the key factors of both innate and adaptive immune response that promotes differentiation of naive CD4+ cells into effector Th1 T cells producing the main mediators of cellular immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, and specific cytotoxic immunity through the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells and macrophage activation. The clinical importance of IFN-γ includes its medical use to treat and prevent various viral and bacterial infections. IFN-γ has a direct antiviral effect on infected cells, activates local infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages and NK cells, modulates the differentiation and maturation of T and B cells, and enhances inflammation and antiviral functions. Immunoregulatory effect of IFN-γ plays one of the essential roles in the regulation of adaptive immune response in patients with tuberculosis infection and cancer. Producing IFN-γ by T cells increases the efficiency of infiltrated phagocytic cells, by stimulating NO and maintaining local host defense during tuberculosis infection. The direct antitumor effect of IFN-γ revealed in several experimental models has numerous mechanisms for the effect of development. IFN-γ has crucial potential for enhancing any antiviral, antimycobacterial, and specific antitumor therapies.
Part of the book: Basic and Clinical Aspects of Interferon Gamma