Futures of Livestock Industry from the Viewpoints of Jurisprudence and Regulatory Measures in the Philippines

Abstract

The livestock industry, comprising the sources of protein foods (eggs, meat, and milk), contributing enormous income, balancing trade, and attaining the food requirements in the Philippines. Filipinos have unique food preferences, and traditional delicacies are served usually in important events showcasing the rich food cultures and gastronomic traditions. Thereby, consumption and demands for animal products will continue to rise associated with the increasing trends in the human population and economic status. The sustainability and progress of the livestock industry, however, are challenged continuously by disruptions in production and input supply associated to disease outbreaks, natural calamities, and regulatory measures on biosecurity, importation, and urbanization. This review provides outlooks and viewpoints considering the issues and issuances affecting directly or indirectly the future of the livestock industry. The most prominent issue is the public clamor on the protection of general welfare sending a “chilling effect” or “doubt” to those engaged in the livestock industry. Also, jurisprudence provides different viewpoints on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) thereby products of biotechnology and gene engineering have limitations or restrictions on applications and uses. These challenges and issues, however, have optimistic viewpoints for achieving the standards of perfection toward the new beginning of the future of the livestock industry.

1. Introduction

The livestock industry is a dynamic, progressive, and vibrant component of the Agriculture Sector of the Philippines that is directly under the control, regulation and supervision of the Executive Department (Section 17, Article VII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution). In the first quarter of 2024, the livestock industry posted an output amounting PhP 128.22 billion (2.56 billion USD) accounting for about 30% of the total agricultural outputs [1, 2]. The poultry sub-sector contributed the most (53.63%) valued at PhP 68.76 billion (1.38 billion USD) with an increment of 5.9% from 2023 data [2, 3]. The hog sub-sector, which is a major contributor had 4.3% decline in the value of production, due to the tremendous effect of African swine fever (ASF) since 2019 [2, 3, 4]. The key players in the hog sub-sector, however, are seeing positive development with expected 3% increases in the production this 2024 [5].

Increments in outputs from livestock production are continuously sought even at the global scale to meet the market demands. The driving forces in consumption have been associated to human population growth, rising income and urbanization, and dietary preferences with pork, poultry (chicken), and beef as the usual protein source in the Filipino diet. The demands, nevertheless, are continuously not meet locally due to several pressures in production like disease outbreaks, production fluctuations from natural causes (e.g. heat stress, typhoons, and torrential rains) and high cost of inputs. In the 1990s or 34 years ago, all these factors and scenarios in supply and demand were identified and found still applicable to the same challenges facing the livestock industry [6, 7, 8]. The most profound pressures nowadays are the socio-political issues on the environment, public welfare, and public health [9].

In the recent review (2024) as forecasted in a review in 2010; three major issues were raised, (1) the need to feed additional human population at scarce resources competing for land and water, and food and feed, (2) the need to operate in a carbon-constrained economy directly focused on efficiency, productivity, and reproductive outputs, and (3) the need to satisfy socio-politico-economic calls for “clean, green, and ethical (CGE)” products and industries [6, 7]. Here, this review provides outlooks and viewpoints from the Philippines considering recent issues and issuances on biosecurity, environment, food safety, importation, and public welfare affecting directly or indirectly the futures of the livestock industry.

2. Methodology

The data and information were taken from several government, and private and/or commercial online resources that include the website of the Supreme Court (https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/), the Lawphil Project of the Arellano Law Foundation (https://lawphil.net/), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library (https://chanrobles.com/), the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/), Department of Agriculture (https://www.da.gov.ph/), Bureau of Animal Industry (https://www.bai.gov.ph/), Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries (https://pcaf.da.gov.ph/), Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (https://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/) Philippine Statistics Authority (https://psa.gov.ph/). Some specific terms or information (e.g. per capita consumption, human population) were searched from the Microsoft Bing (https://www.bing.com/) for cross-checking purposes.

The relevant data and information were organized in a table format to provide stand-alone information and present the key facts for the discussion of the topic thereby providing a consolidation of all available and current resources. The findings and discussion were presented carefully and with due diligence in consonance with all laws, jurisprudence, and issuances from the Philippine government. Nothing in this review chapter is claimed for personal gain or profit but merely to consolidate the recent information and trend that have a direct influence on the future of the Philippine livestock industry.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Historical jurisprudence on livestock and relevant matters

The cattle (Bos sp.) has been mentioned in 75 of 121 resolved cases (or 61.98%) from 1904 to 2022 (Table A1). In a landmark case of Compañia Agricola de Ultramar, a corporation established in Madrid, Spain in 1893 provides in its Article 3 of incorporation that “In order to exploit and develop the agricultural industry in the Philippine Islands and other Spanish colonies, the partnership may acquire any land, canals, and irrigating marshes or runways, overflows, waterfalls, quarries, and other real estate, and such cattle as may be useful for agricultural exploitation; to exploit or alienate said property, and to rent, by way of a change, or underlease, as may be convenient for the interests of the partnership, the reality; to establish agricultural colonies and to invest capital at interest with a mortgage upon rural or urban property, and to acquire credits with such guaranties; to grant loans upon crops, cultivated lands, cattle, agricultural machines, and in turn to borrow money on mortgage guaranty; to lease rural or urban property [10].” The cattle is valued to have the most utility and economic use considering its various uses as draft, and as source of meat and milk. Sadly, however, cattle were mentioned in several resolved cases (34 of 71) of crimes against persons and property (e.g. theft, robbery, larceny, and even murder).

Most notably, cattle were mentioned in several resolved cases or disputes concerning national interests that include food safety, taxation, biosecurity, and importation (Table 1). Issues on food safety have been resolved as early as 1910 prohibiting the slaughter of cattle for human consumption without permission from the authorities [11]. Tax is the lifeblood of the state that usually construed against the people and imposed as early as 1918 [12]. The issues of biosecurity and importation are almost synonyms prohibiting entry of livestock from other place (or other country usually) to protect the current population from the possible entry of dreaded diseases of economic importance [13].

Subject matter	Commodity or property	Reference year	Number of cases
Food safety	Carabao, cattle, fresh meat	1910, 1913, 1929, 1933, 1955, 1956	6
Taxation	Cattle; frozen meat; meat, bones, hides of cow and carabao; frozen butter and veal; fresh meat, cattle import; slaughterhouse fee	1918, 1927, 1930, 1934, 1956, 1959, 1963	7
Biosecurity, disease prevention	Horse, cattle, carabao	1911, 1922, 1931, 1984, 2009	5
Environmental protection, public health, public welfare	Hog, fowl	2008, 2011, 2022	3
Agrarian reform	Livestock business	1990, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2018, 2022	10
Import	Cattle	1908, 1909, 1910, 1918, 1922, 1959	7
Intellectual property protection	Trademark	1983, 2003, 2020	3
Protection of property	Cattle, carabao	1904–2021	71

Table 1.

Subject matter of national interests involving livestock in resolved cases or disputes from 1904 to 2022.

3.2 Supply, demand, and utilization of livestock and its products

3.2.1 Supply

The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), categorized into native or improved chicken, broiler, and layer, with a population inventory of 202.82 million heads is the prominent source of animal-based protein in the Philippines (Table 2). The native or improved chickens comprise of 43% of the total chicken inventory are grown intensively in the Visayas region. The broilers and layers are commonly grown in large-scale commercial operations usually located near the Metropolis or the consuming public. The majority of broiler inventory was recorded in the Central Luzon while the layer chickens (35.18%) are found in the Calabarzon region [2]. The chicken inventory and category distribution were estimates based on quarterly surveys providing loopholes in its true population status considering that the broilers have a short production lifespan of 28–35 days as compared to layer chickens (100 weeks) and native chickens (150–180 days) [14]. Thereby, an improved survey and estimates, and intelligent tools and strategies are seriously needed. A revised classification of livestock and poultry farm based on animal type and population scale was introduced and implemented which will guide in the survey to collect reliable data for decision and policy making [15].

Commodity	Inventory; (In million head)	Classification, %
		Smallhold	Semi-commercial	Commercial
Chicken	202.82	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified
Native/improved chicken (43.0%)	87.20
Broiler chicken (34.7%)	70.42
Layer chicken (22.3%)	45.20
Duck	14.49	64.80	32.70	2.60
Swine	9.86	67.50	3.30	29.20
Goat	3.86	99.20	0.39	0.37
Carabao	2.74	99.30	0.50	0.20
Cattle	2.59	82.30	14.30	3.40

Table 2.

Inventory distribution based on farm-holding classification as of September 2023 (https://psa.gov.ph/).

Duck, commonly the mallard duck (Anas platyrynchos), is distant next to the chicken inventory with 14.49 million heads grown for eggs, particularly in the Central Luzon contributing 51.2% in duck egg production. There is limited production for the broiler duck or meat-type duck. The spent duck layers or culled from the egg production are then slaughtered and cooked as “kinulob na itik,” a traditional delicacy in Laguna [16].

The swine (Sus sp.) industry, even tremendously affected by the African swine fever since 2019, had contributed 302.65 billion pesos (6.05 million USD) to the agriculture sector (Table 3). Optimistically, the Philippine Swine Industry Roadmap will gear the industry toward achieving greater status better than the pre-ASF outbreak [17]. The government and private sector partnerships are guided with the Philippine Industry Roadmap for carabao [18] dairy [19], poultry (broiler) [14], poultry (layer) [20], and small ruminants [21].

Commodity	Volume of production; (In thousand metric tons, liveweight except eggs and dairy)	Value of production; (At Current Prices, in million PhP)	Forecasted volume in production in 2032; (In million tons)
Chicken	1866.65	234,888.61	2.41
Chicken eggs	708.50	87,091.68
Duck	26.25	4647.63
Duck eggs	55.64	7149.28
Hog	1737.12	302,656.81	2.21
Cattle	236.65	37,176.81
Carabao	130.27	19,570.44
Goat	70.38	14,431.39
Dairy	30.28	1686.65

Table 3.

Volume and value of production in 2022, and forecasted production (https://psa.gov.ph/).

3.2.2 Demand

Food animals or animal-sourced foods still remain as an important resource to meet the food requirements of the increasing human population. The chicken and hog sub-sectors with forecasted growth in the volume of production will still be the food resources affordable to Filipinos. Chicken is widely consumed having few restrictions as to custom and tradition, religion, and health concerns. With better technology and good husbandry, pork will become a nutritious food resource even for those health-conscious individuals.

In 2023, the meat consumption per capita was 22.03 kg from the chicken sub-sector (12.57 kg), pork (7.88 kg), and beef (1.58 kg) [1, 2, 3]. Other livestock species, namely; carabao, goat, sheep, horse, and duck are supplementary sources of meat being cooked for special Filipino dishes (e.g. adobo or cooked with cocomilk). With projected increases to 132.77 million human population in the Philippines in 2032, the meat production target must increase to 11–12% to meet the current per capita consumption. Egg, milk, and fish are the other sources of proteins but consumption is low thereby undernutrition is still prevalent in the Philippines [22].

3.2.3 Utilization

Livestock products (eggs, meat, and milk) have several uses, utilities, and preparations considering the diverse culture, tradition, and beliefs in the Philippines. The “lechon” (roast whole pork) has gained more prominence being served in grandiose events and occasions as well as in festivities honoring a patron saint [23]. The “lechon” is prepared from particular breed, the native pig called markaduke, that is grown to perfection for the best desired crispiness, juiciness, and sensory attributes [Video 1, Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pfpgn1_kWM/IEC#16: The Finest Breed for Lechon and Processed Meat Products]. Other traditional food products from pork are the “itag,” “tapa,” and “bagnet” having geographical methods of preparations and uses.

The street-food markets and night markets are the best hang-outs to taste and savor unconventional foods like the “balut” (hard-boiled embryonated duck egg), “kwik-kwik” (fried flour-coated egg and/or day-old chick), “abnoy” (baked eggs rejected at first candling), and “betamax” (roast chicken’s blood). Moreover, several restaurants and fast-food chains are producing variations in food products like the fried chicken, which differs considerably from one restaurant to another.

3.3 Challenges and issues confronting the livestock industry

3.3.1 Limits in business operation

Section 16 of Republic Act No. 7160 (RA 7160. Local Government Code of 1991) grants the Local Government Units (LGUs) the power to enact ordinances and regulations for the promotion and protection of the general welfare of its constituents. The Municipality of Biñan in the province of Laguna (in Calabarzon region) is a LGU that invoked this delegated police power in RA 7160, in approving and implementing a Municipal Ordinance regulating urban control zones for agricultural use and gradual phase-out of large piggery, fowl, and other livestock farms located within their Municipality [9]. The affected farms by the Municipal Ordinance were large-scale commercial farms, had filed a Petition before the court assailing the validity of the Municipal Ordinance. In 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of the Municipal Ordinance in regulating the business operation of livestock farms at specified population size (i.e. not more than 10 swine and 500 chickens) to promote the general welfare of its residents by preserving their comfort and convenience (Table 4). However, such Municipal Ordinance is contrary and cannot help to the current program entitled “INSPIRE (Integrated National Swine Production Interventions for Recovery and Expansion)” to rehabilitate the Philippine hog industry from the tremendous effect of the African swine fever (ASF) [17].

Commodity	Regulatory measures	Source
All animals	To protect and promote the welfare of all animals in the Philippines by supervising and regulating the establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating or training of all animals either as objects of trade or as household pets. For purposes of this Act, pet animal shall include birds.	Section 1 of Republic Act No. 8485. The Animal Welfare Act of 1998 as Amended in Republic Act No. 10631 (2013)
All organic food and input	All organic food and input establishments must register with the Director of the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards (BAFPS), registration under this section shall begin within ninety (90) days of the enactment of this Act.	Section 16 of Republic Act No. 10068. Organic Agriculture Act of 2010
Organic agriculture farms, livestock and poultry and its feeds	…the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) of the Department of Agriculture shall be responsible for the registration of organic agriculture farms, livestock and poultry and its feeds.	Section 13 of Republic Act No. 11511 (2020). An act amending Republic Act No. 10068 or The Organic Agriculture Act of 2010
Swine poultry	Must not be more than: 10 heads swine 500 birds	Municipality of Biñan, Laguna et al. vs. Holiday Hills Stock and Breeding Farm Corporation and Domino Farms, Inc. G.R. No. 200403 (2022)

Table 4.

Regulation on business operation and/or volume of production.

3.3.2 Financing scandal

The Quedan and Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation (QUEDANCOR) is a government-owned and controlled corporation created under Republic Act No. 7393 in 1992 but was abolished for various reasons by Memorandum Order No. 13 in 2017. The QUEDANCOR Swine Program (CG-QSP) was tasked to support the swine industry through credit but became controversial due to questionable purchasing agreements [24].

The Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) financing scheme for a poultry broiler project that had caused suffering to the debtor was declared unscrupulous. In lieu thereof, the Court ruled against the DBP in order to indemnify the debtor including payment for the loss of income [25].

3.3.3 Transboundary diseases

Classical swine fever (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF) are two of the many diseases confronting the swine sector. The CSF is endemic while the ASF occurred in 2019 only but with tremendous impact [26]. The government is implementing strict regulations on international trade to protect the livestock industry (Table A2).

3.3.4 Threats to the general welfare

In two landmark cases in 2008 [27] and 2011 [28], the Court had ordered to several government agencies to provide comprehensive plan and action and submit reports on progressive activities in upholding their mandates to preserve and protect the environment, particularly the Manila Bay. Specifically, the Department of Agriculture is tasked to report the contributed pollution from agricultural and livestock sectors into the waterways going to the Manila Bay. The Court ruled that mishandling of pig manure is a liability; thereby farms owner indemnified the affected party [29].

3.3.5 Precautionary principle

The Court ruled in favor of the constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecology (Section 16, Article II, 1987 Philippine Constitution) thereby permanently preventing the field testing for Bt talong, a bio-engineered eggplant (Solanum melongena). Relatively, the Department of Agriculture Administrative Order No. 08, series of 2002 that authorizes the importation and use of modern biotechnology was declared null and void. Furthermore, the Court ordered to stop any application for contained use, field testing, propagation and commercialization, and importation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) [30]. Hence, any legislation toward utilization of GMOs must be guided with careful and decisive collaboration and undertaking for meeting the societal and judicial scrutiny.

3.4 Opportunity and possibility at the crossroads

3.4.1 Standard of welfare

The Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8485 as amended) imposes the standards for housing facilities for all animals either as trade or as household pets. Those engaged (or to engage) in the livestock rearing must secure a permit and registration from the government office having jurisdiction in such registration matters. Similarly, those engaged in organic production are required to register with designated government office as prescribed under the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (RA 10068) as amended by RA 11511 in 2020 (Table 4). The category or classification based on farm-holding size (smallholder, semi-commercial, and commercial) was refined for the monitoring of compliance with regulation and management of the livestock industry (Table A3).

3.4.2 Biotechnology and gene engineering

Recent review promotes the development and implementation of risk-proportionate regulatory approaches and policies on the potential of animal biotechnologies to improve the sustainability and security of global food systems. This initiative hinges on the application of genetic engineering and genome editing. Genetic engineering is modifying the genome to produce a modified phenotype, thus called genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genome editing is a precise modification of the genetic constitution of an organism that leads to a modified phenotype. Both techniques are used to create cisgenic (within-species) or transgenic (between-species) modifications, with the minute distinction between “GMO” and “non-GMO” animals and their genotypes [31]. Gene engineering is foreseen to increase productivity, produce disease resistance, and intensify biomedicine [32]. Moreover, these techniques paved the way for understanding the genes that control susceptibility to stress, and other physiological processes involving fetal programming, nutrient metabolism, and better nutrition as well as minimizing methane emission [7].

3.4.3 Intellectual property protection

The Supreme Court upheld the decision granting protection to the rightful owners of an intellectual property who sold and distributed roasted pigs using the registered trademarks. The petitioner who was found in bad faith for copying the trademark was ordered to pay for exemplary damages and attorney’s fee, and ordered to cease and desist [33]. In a similar case, the petitioner had claimed as the sole owner of the business mark and that the other marks as used by the respondent were confusing to the public considering that both marks refer to the same classification. Thus, the court ruled in favor of the petitioner [34].

4. Conclusion

The livestock industry is progressing through government and private sector initiatives and collaborations toward meeting the desired requirements of the increasing demands and satisfying the socio-politico-economic expectations. Cattle have a long history of economic utility but its production output was surpassed by the chicken and pork sub-sectors, which are the leading producers of meat for human consumption. The animal-protein sources (e.g. meat, milk, and eggs) had low consumption per capita thereby malnutrition and/or undernutrition are still widespread in the Philippines.

Several interventions on biosecurity, food safety, importation, and production processes were imposed to protect and secure the livestock industry as well as improve its production system to align with the international standards. However, public clamor on the protection of public health, public welfare, and comfort and convenience to the citizenry is sending a “chilling effect” or “doubt” to multi-national and large-scale business sectors to expand operation and/or investment toward improving their production system, which later can be stopped (or closed) through a doctrine of res judicata (claim preclusion) and stare decisis (precedent).

Nevertheless, the challenges and anticipations may have optimistic viewpoints for achieving the standards of perfection as harnessed with continuing quests for better procedures and strategies toward the new beginning of the future of the livestock industry.

Acknowledgments

The Marinduque State University, the author’s employer, is hereby acknowledged.

Conflict of interest

The author declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix

Year	Commodity/property	Resolved case/dispute	Source
1904	Cattle	Civil partnership	G.R. No. 1184. April 22, 1904
1905	104 cow, 31 carabao, 32 sheep, 17 goat, 1 horse	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 1341. November 08, 1905
1905	20 cattle	Robbery	G.R. No. 2208. May 05, 1905
1906	1000 cattle	Breach of contract	G.R. No. 2391. April 28, 1906
1907	81 cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 2980. January 02, 1907
1907	883 cattle, 200 calves, 83 carabao, 74 goat, 23 sheep, 21 horse	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 3787. November 14, 1907
1908	1 caraballa and her calf	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 3837. August 01, 1908
1908	200 cattle	Will and testament	G.R. No. 4029. January 25, 1908
1908	25 carabao	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 4292. December 04, 1908
1908	150 cow, 52 carabao	Import: Breach of contract	G. R. No. 4395. September 09, 1908
1909	Cattle (import)	Partnership sharing	G.R. No. 4861. March 20, 1909
1909	Cattle valued at P400	Theft	G.R. No. 5004. November 19, 1909
1910	Carabao	Violation of Act No. 1147, An Act regulating the registration, branding, and slaughter of large cattle.	G.R. No. 5060. January 26, 1910
1910	677 cattle and carabao (import, welfare)	Violation of Act No. 55 as amended by Act No. 275 (animal welfare)	G.R. No. 5270. January 15, 1910
1910	20 carabao	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 5524. March 21, 1910
1911	Horse	Provincial resolution pursuant to Act No. 83, as amended by Act No. 138 (disease prevention)	G.R. No. 6016. March 26, 1911
1912	Cattle	Will and testament	G.R. No. 7075. March 25, 1912
1913	Bovine	Violation of Ordinance; No. 12 pursuant to Act No. 1147 (food safety)	G.R. No. 7852. August 18, 1913
1913	33 cattle, 28 fictitious cattle	Misappropriation of public funds	G.R. No. 8029. December 29, 1913
1913	150 cattle (branded)	Violation of Act No. 1740	G.R. No. 8191. March 04, 1913
1913	Cattle	Violation of Act No. 2030 (Theft)	G.R. No. 8687. October 16, 1913
1913	2 cattle	Theft	G.R. No. 8856. November 21, 1913
1914	1 caraballa and her calf	Theft	G.R. No. 8931. March 14, 1914
1914	Cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 8976. December 02, 1914
1914	Carabao	Theft	G.R. No. 9267. March 02, 1914
1915	101 cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 9749. November 13, 1915
1916	1 caraballa and her calf	Theft	G.R. No. 10078. February 05, 1916
1916	Cattle	Property sharing	G.R. No. 10722. February 18, 1916
1916	2 cow with calves	Theft	G.R. No. 11750. November 24, 1916
1917	3 cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 11476. March 15, 1917
1917	Carabao	Theft	G.R. No. 11636. February 28, 1917
1917	Caraballa	Recovery for damages (killed by a train)	G.R. No. 11730. March 24, 1917
1917	Horse	Violation of Ordinance No. 13, series of 1914 (loose of horse in a plaza) pursuant to Act No. 1147	G.R. No. 11779. February 23, 1917
1918	Cattle and carabao (import)	Breach of contract	G.R. No. 10029. July 15, 1918
1918	1000 cattle	Act No. 2339 (taxation)	G.R. No. 11962. August 27, 1918
1918	Carabao	Larceny	G.R. No. 13081. March 20, 1918
1920	2000 cattle	Property sharing	G.R. No. 14807. March 17, 1920
1922	Draft cattle and bovine cattle (import, serum)	Implementation of Administrative Order No. 21 of the Bureau of Agriculture (immunized from rinderpest)	G. R. No. 19628. December 04, 1922
1926	Cattle (Permit fee)	Misappropriation of public funds	G. R. No. 24622. January 28, 1926
1926	Cattle	Contract of employment (labor)	G. R. No. 25151. October 04, 1926
1927	Frozen meat as beef, pork, lamb, mutton, deer	Ordinance No. 1264, the so-called Meat Ordinance (taxation)	G.R. No. 26124. February 14, 1927
1928	Carabao, cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 29044. October 02, 1928
1929	435 cattle	Property sharing	G.R. No. 30427. August 12, 1929
1929	Pork	“Ordinance No. 12 was adopted for the purpose of securing pure food for the inhabitants of the municipality, thereby protecting their health and comfort.”	G.R. No. 30903. September 24, 1929
1930	Meat, bones, and hides of cow and carabao	Section 1459 of the Administrative Code (taxation)	G.R. No. 33138. November 20, 1930
1931	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. 34612. October 01, 1931
1931	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. 34634. October 01, 1931
1931	10 cattle	Act No. 3155 (prohibits importation to prevent disease)	G. R. No. 34674. October 26, 1931
1932	Offspring of cattle	Partition of conjugal property	G.R. No. 34989. April 05, 1932
1932	Cattle	Larceny	G.R. No. 35522. April 05, 1932
1932	Cattle	Larceny	G.R. No. L-35578. April 05, 1932
1933	Slaughterhouse, sale of meat	Act No. 2758, as amended by Act No. 3632	G.R. No. 38256. December 16, 1933
1934	Frozen butter and veal	Philippine Tariff Act of 1909 (customs duty)	G. R. No. 39679. March 13, 1934
1936	Cattle	Theft	G. R. No. 44355. January 03, 1936
1946	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. L-121. March 14, 1946
1948	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. L-1728. November 26, 1948
1951	Cattle	Partition of property	G. R. No. L-1866. May 30, 1951
1955	Meat	Ordinance No. 3563 in Manila to ban the sale of fresh meat outside city markets (business regulation)	G.R. No. L-6762. February 28, 1955
1955	200 cattle	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. L-7046. August 31, 1955
1956	Fresh meat	Ordinance No. 3563 which was declared by this Court constitutional in G. R. No. L-6762	G.R. No. L-7453. May 11, 1956
1956	Hog, cattle	Ordinance No. 3 (taxation)	G.R. No. L-9171. August 27, 1956
1957	321 cattle	Recovery of personal property	G. R. No. L-11005. October 31, 1957
1959	Cattle (import)	Violations of Central Bank Circular No. 31 in connection with Section 34 of Republic Act No. 265 (Central Bank Act)	G.R. No. L-10829-30. May 29, 1959
1962	3 bulls	Agreement or contract	G. R. No. L-17474. October 25, 1962
1963	Slaughterhouse fees	Ordinance No. 24 (fees)	G.R. No. L-15807. April 22, 1963
1966	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. L-18507. March 31, 1966
1968	Carabao	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. L-24490. May 29, 1968
1970	Carabao	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. L-24814. January 30, 1970
1974	Cattle	Partition of property	G.R. No. L-19872. December 03, 1974
1976	2 goat	Theft	G.R. No. L-40037. April 30, 1976
1977	Cattle	Theft	G.R. No. L-39229. December 29, 1977
1981	Cattle	Cattle rustling	G.R. No. 51368. November 06, 1981
1983	Native lechon	Business name	G.R. No. 50437. February 28, 1983
1984	26 carabao and a calf	Presidential Executive Order No. 626-A (1980). confiscation and forfeiture by the government of carabaos transported from one province to another	G.R. No. L-64279. April 30, 1984
1986	Hog, cattle, carabao	Claim for unpaid passage and freight.	G.R. No. L-27134. February 28, 1986
1987	Carabao	Executive Order No. 626-A	G.R. No. 74457. March 20, 1987
1990	Hog feeds	Claim for payment	G.R. Nos. 84,572-73. November 27, 1990
1990	Swine	Agrarian (swine raising is industrial activity)	G.R. No. 86889. December 4, 1990
1991	Cattle	Cattle rustling	G.R. Nos. 66,401-03. February 13, 1991
1991	Cattle	Cattle rustling	G.R. No. 91721. July 31, 1991
1998	Cattle	Cattle rustling	G.R. No. 128517. September 10, 1998
1999	Veterinary quarantine clearance to import	Falsification of public document	G.R. No. 124140. November 25, 1999
2000	Hog manure	Claim for damages and lost of profit	G.R. No. 125018. April 6, 2000
2001	Cattle	P.D. No. 533, otherwise known as the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law	G.R. No. 120548. October 26, 2001
2001	Cattle	P.D. No. 533, otherwise known as the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law	G.R. No. 140937. February 28, 2001
2003	Parasiticide	Patent	G.R. No. 126627. August 14, 2003
2003	Cattle, hog	Contract growing agreement	G.R. No. 153126. September 11, 2003
2004	Veterinary biologicals	Contract of carriage	G.R. No. 150094. August 18, 2004
2004	Animal feeds	Sum of money and damages	G.R. No. 152219. October 25, 2004
2005	Cattle	Agrarian (Cattle breeding)	G.R. NO. 162070. October 19, 2005
2006	Cattle, hog	Termination of employment	G.R. NO. 154284. October 27, 2006
2007	1 cattle (male)	P.D. No. 533, otherwise known as the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law	G.R. NO. 154941. July 09, 2007
2007	Alabang Stock Farm	Recovery of public property	G.R. No. 161639, July 30, 2007
2007	401 cattle, 20 horse, 8 carabao	Agrarian exemption	G.R. NO. 169277. February 09, 2007
2007	Cattle (trading)	Contract breach	G.R. NO. 171250. July 04, 2007
2008	Veterinary medicine (manufacturing)	Termination of employment	G.R. No. 151309. October 15, 2008
2008	Livestock pollution	Manila Bay clean up	G.R. Nos. 171,947-48 December 18, 2008
2009	Cattle (importation, production, fattening and distribution)	Employer-employee relationship	G.R. No. 153192. January 30, 2009
2009	Horse	Administrative Order No. 55 dated 28 March 1994 by the Department of Agriculture (biosecurity, Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA))	G.R. No. 175220. February 12, 2009
2010	Cattle	Agrarian (Cattle raising as defense)	G.R. No. 154094. March 09, 2010
2010	5477 cattle, 115 horse	Recovery of personal property	G.R. No. 162079. March 18, 2010
2010	Cattle	Agrarian (Cattle raising as defense)	G.R. No. 170623. July 07, 2010
2011	Cattle, pigs, and other livestock	Agrarian (Livestock raising as defense)	G.R. No. 182332. February 23, 2011
2011	Livestock pollution	Manila Bay clean up	G.R. Nos. 171,947-48 February 15, 2011
2011	Cattle-financing program	Violation of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 3019, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act	G.R. No. 167219. February 08, 2011
2011	105 cattle, 5 carabao, 11 horse, 9 goat, 18 swine as defense	Agrarian (Livestock raising as defense)	G.R. No. 178895. January 10, 2011
2013	Cattle	Agrarian (Cattle raising as defense)	G.R. No. 170018. September 23, 2013
2014	Cattle	Recovery of personal property (cattle breeding and dispersal)	G.R. No. 191838. October 20, 2014
2015	Agoo Breeding Station	Land donation	G.R. No. 197115. March 23, 2015
2016	Carabao	P.D. No. 533, otherwise known as the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law	G.R. No. 212186. June 29, 2016
2016	Lechon sauce	Intellectual property (trademark)	G.R. No. 198889. January 20, 2016
2017	Swine	Farm rehabilitation (loan)	G.R. NO. 197313, September 06, 2017
2018	Cattle, carabao, goat	Agrarian (Livestock business as defense)	G.R. No. 228503. July 25, 2018
2019	Baguio stock farm	Recovery of public property (land)	G.R. No. 201273. August 14, 2019
2019	Swine farm	Labor (illegal dismissal, other benefits)	G.R. No. 232989. March 18, 2019
2020	Hog parent stock	Claim of unfair competition	G.R. No. 205835. June 23, 2020
2020	Veterinary drug	Intellectual property	G.R. No. 211850. September 8, 2020
2020	QUEDANCOR swine program	Administrative	G.R. No. 232844. July 7, 2020
2021	4765 hog	Replevin with damages (chattel mortgage)	G.R. Nos. 201,044 & 222,691. May 05, 2021
2021	Broiler	DBP loan dispute	G.R. No. 224138. October 06, 2021
2022	Hog, fowl, and other livestock	Municipal ordinance 04 (2004). Gradual phase-out of large farm	G.R. No. 200403. October 10, 2022
2022	Cattle, goat, poultry	Agrarian (livestock business as defense)	G.R. No. 243310. August 15, 2022

Table A1.

Chronology of resolved cases or disputes involving livestock or relevant matters of interests.

Commodity	Country	Sector	Period	Source
Pork	Taiwan	Six (6) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Jan 3, 2023–Jan 3, 2026)	D.O. No. 01 series 2023
Poultry meat (Turkey, Goose and Chicken)	Poland	Twelve (12) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Jan 3, 2023–Jan 3, 2026)	D.O. No. 02 series 2023
Poultry meat (Duck, Goose and Chicken) and Pork	Hungary	Five (5) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Jan 3, 2023–Jan 3, 2026)	D.O. No. 03 series 2023
Poultry meat (Turkey and Chicken)	Chile	Six (6) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Apr 2, 2020–Apr 2, 2023)	D.O. No. 05 series 2020
Poultry meat (Turkey and Chicken), Pork and Beef	Brazil	Twenty four (24) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Apr 2, 2020–Apr 2, 2023)	D.O. No. 06 series 2020
Pork and Beef	Spain	Not specified	Three (3) years; (Apr 2, 2020–Apr 2, 2023)	D.O. No. 07 series 2020
Buffalo meat	India	Six (6) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Oct 5, 2020–Oct 5, 2023)	D.O. No. 12 series 2020
Pork	Sweden	Not specified	Three (3) years; (Until Oct 7, 2022)	D.O. No. 14 series 2019
Buffalo meat	India	Sixteen (16) FMEs	Three (3) years; (Oct 1, 2018–Sep 30, 2021)	D.O. No. 09 series 2018

Table A2.

Regulation on international trade (export to the Philippines).

Commodity	Classification			Source
	Smallholder	Semi-commercial	Commercial
Swine	Tending 1–10 sow level or 1–100 heads	Tending 11–50 sow level or 101–500 heads	Tending 51 sow level and above or 501 heads and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 11, series of 2023
Carabao	Tending not more than five (5) caracows	Tending 6–50 heads of caracows	Tending 51 caracows and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022
Cattle; (Dairy and Beef)	Tending not more than five (5) cows and five (5) yearlings or calves	Tending 6–50 heads of cows	Tending 51 cows and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022
Goat	Tending not more than thirty five (35) does	Tending 36–100 does	Tending more than 100 heads of does	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022
Broiler chicken	Raising 500 birds and below	Raising 501–10,000 birds	Raising 10,001 birds and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022
Layer chicken and Native/improved chicken	Raising 250 birds and below	Raising 251–5000 birds	Raising 5001 birds and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022
Duck	Raising 250 birds and below	Raising 251–5000 birds	Raising 5001 birds and above	PSA Board Resolution No. 04, series of 2022

Table A3.

Industry structure based on farm-holding classification as of September 2023 (https://psa.gov.ph/).