Fostering a Cultural Melting Pot: The UAE’s Approach to Multicultural Integration and Heritage Preservation

Abstract

In our globalized world, the concepts of cultural assimilation and multicultural integration have gained significant attention, especially in regions experiencing a surge in cultural diversity. The coexistence and interaction of diverse cultures are essential for fostering social harmony and well-being. This phenomenon is especially evident in areas where rigid local and religious cultures coexist, often sparking discussions on identity and belonging. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) serves as a remarkable example of a nation navigating cultural change through policies that preserve its local heritage while seamlessly integrating diverse elements within a harmonious multicultural framework. This study explores how the UAE has successfully embraced globalization while safeguarding its values, culture, and identity. Despite some criticisms and challenges, the UAE’s achievements in this regard deserve recognition. Additionally, we’ll discuss Ibn Khaldun’s theories on the transformations that occur when Bedouin societies transition to urban life, illustrating them with examples from the UAE.

1. Introduction

As a result of the dramatic economic development in the United Arab Emirates in recent years, the spread of economic liberalization and freedom of thought is observed. Consequently, Emiratis often find themselves entangled in an identity debate between modernity and tradition. Some religious leaders, politicians, and older citizens accuse the younger generation of adopting “Western,” “non-Arab,” or “non-Islamic” values. However, portraying the Arab world as radical, inflexible, and regressive, as the West often does, does not accurately reflect the identity and lifestyles of the Arabs living in today’s United Arab Emirates ([1], p. 74).

Samuel Huntington’s thesis on the “clash of civilizations” suggests a conflict between Western and Islamic values, and this view still finds acceptance. However, as demonstrated by the example of the United Arab Emirates, many Emirati Arabs can reconcile their beliefs, modern values, cosmopolitan identities, and respect for individual freedoms with their commitment to their families and communities, and they may not perceive contradictions in their identities.

The methodological framework underpinning this article’s exploration of the United Arab Emirates’ culture is characterized by an exhaustive and meticulous review of pertinent literature. This discerning examination encompasses a myriad of scholarly books, articles, and comprehensive reports that pertain to the subject matter. This rigorous review is essential to facilitate the synthesis of pre-existing knowledge, enabling a nuanced analysis of multifaceted cultural dimensions, historical trajectories, and contemporary influences embedded within the rich tapestry of the UAE’s cultural fabric. Moreover, this endeavor is bolstered by an exploration of both primary and secondary sources, spanning governmental publications, scholarly research, and ethnographic studies. The amalgamation of these diverse sources promises to yield a holistic and discerning comprehension of the intricate cultural landscape prevailing within the United Arab Emirates (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The meeting of modern and traditional. Foto by Mohamed Reshad, https://unsplash.com/photos/camel-on-white-car-during-daytime-MsHMkIQXAao.

2. Development of the UAE as a new hub in the Middle East

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation that was established on December 2, 1971, comprising seven Emirates, formerly known as the Trucial States. The most prominent Emirates among these are Abu Dhabi and Dubai, with the other five being Ajman, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm Al-Quwain. Abu Dhabi’s commencement of oil exports in 1962 marked a significant moment in the embryonic stages of the formation and development of the UAE [2]. Rapid infrastructure development and modernization within the Emirates have led to visible transformations in the lifestyle of the local population. The preservation of cultural heritage is a focal point of the UAE Vision 2021 plan, emphasizing the commitment to safeguarding the nation’s identity and fostering a sense of belonging among its citizens. The UAE achieved significant recognition by ranking 16th out of 138 economies in the World Competitiveness Index for 2016–2017, showcasing its prominent position in the global competitive arena [2].

This achievement is remarkable in a multicultural setting where over 85% of the population comes from foreign countries, and more than 200 nationalities peacefully coexist while preserving their cultural values ([3], p. 56). The values and heritage that form the foundation of Emirati identity hold significant importance within this multicultural context. The United Arab Emirates, serving as a geographic and cultural space that hosts people from various corners of the world, showcases the intricate fabric of cultural diversity. By successfully serving as a converging point for both native and international populations, the country creates an environment where numerous cultural traditions coexist harmoniously. At the core of the United Arab Emirates’ multifaceted, multicultural integration strategy lies a steadfast commitment to fostering an environment where diverse cultures converge, guided by principles of mutual respect and deep intercultural understanding. This convergence is not merely symbolic but also makes concrete contributions to the country’s social and economic development.

Significantly, the commitment of the United Arab Emirates extends beyond the promotion of multicultural integration; instead, it presents itself as a meticulous guardian of its highly valued cultural heritage. The country undertakes a range of initiatives, including the establishment of museums, archaeological excavations, and cultural events, all aimed at preserving its rich history and cultural fabric for future generations. In doing so, the United Arab Emirates not only strengthens its own cultural identity but also ensures the enduring preservation and continuation of its esteemed cultural heritage.

The United Arab Emirates has adopted an approach can be called as “Multicultural Integration and Heritage Conservation: The United Arab Emirates’ Perspective ([4], pp. 41–44).” This approach exemplifies the importance of embracing cultural diversity and, more significantly, fostering social prosperity and advancement. While initially implemented in the UAE, this approach also has the potential to serve as a model for fostering harmonious cultural cooperation and safeguarding cultural treasures in various regions and countries.

3. Cultural roots of the UAE

The culture of the United Arab Emirates carries the characteristics of Bedouin Arab culture, but throughout history, the local population, which was originally a small tribal community, changed with the influence of foreign nationals who migrated to the region in the mid-20th century ([5], pp. 50-55). Therefore, Emirati culture offers a richness where Arab, Islamic, and Persian cultures intertwine, and it also carries influences from East African and South Asian cultures. Islam has a significant impact on local architecture, music, clothing, cuisine, and lifestyle ([5], pp. 50-55).

The city of Al Ain, located in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, is part of the United Arab Emirates, which consists of seven separate Emirates and has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Emirate of Sharjah was declared the “Cultural Capital of the Arab World” by UNESCO in 1998 and was selected as the “Capital of Islamic Culture” by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 2014 (Culture - The Official Portal of UAE Government). This international recognition is considered an indicator of the cultural richness and importance of the United Arab Emirates, and in this context, the UAE plays a leading role in the preservation of cultural heritage and the promotion of cultural interaction, serving as a potential example to other countries and regions.

To understand the extraordinary journey that has brought this vibrant Arab country to its current status, it is helpful to take a brief look at its socio-economic history. The famous historian Ibn Khaldun’s saying, “geography is destiny,” resonates significantly in this context. The geographical area where the United Arab Emirates is located has definitively shaped its destiny. Indeed, this arid and hot region has historically stood as one of the most arid and hot regions in the world, burdened with extremely challenging living conditions. The scarcity of water resources made agricultural ventures impossible, leading to consistently low population density. Despite the presence of luxury hotels, shopping centers, and skyscrapers today, half a century ago, the areas they now adorn were vast desert expanses left to the wilderness.

The native population of Emirates can trace its origins back to Bedouin tribes. These tribes, facing challenges like scarcity of water and food due to the arid desert climate of the Arabian Peninsula, were referred to as Bedouins. Most Bedouin tribes maintained a nomadic way of life, but some engaged in activities such as fishing along the eastern coast or cultivating grapes, wheat, and dates. Limited-scale trade also took place in these settlements, with craftsmen like tailors, leatherworkers, and blacksmiths present ([6], p. 26; [7], pp. 22–23). Nomadic tribes provided protection from attacks for settled communities in exchange for essential supplies, forming the basis of this mutual exchange, which was vital for survival. Caravan trade was also common among nomadic tribes as these caravans facilitated the transportation of goods like spices, leather, precious stones, silk, and tea from India to various regions of Anatolia, Africa, and Asia. To survive the harsh climate and geographical conditions of the desert, mutual support and cooperation among nomadic tribes were necessary, leading to the tight maintenance of familial and tribal relationships. Although not written, an oral culture was significant, and agreements were made verbally, always honored as societal status was of great importance, and no one wanted to tarnish their reputation. Bedouin tribes lived with a patriarchal culture where men were expected to be more warrior-like, protective, and brave, as demanded by the harsh climate and geography. Additionally, Bedouins possessed qualities considered important virtues, such as hospitality, generosity, and kindness. Like other nomadic communities, Bedouins could not establish more advanced cultural structures, thus leading to a simpler and more primitive lifestyle ([8], p. 23).

In Bedouin tribes, blood ties were the most binding, and members of the same tribe had mutual responsibilities toward each other. In today’s United Arab Emirates, traces of the traditional organizational structure of Bedouin society can still be observed in various aspects of social, political, and cultural life. At the pinnacle of this social and economic organization is the Sheikh, responsible for organizing the tribe. To achieve this, the Sheikh oversees the economic needs of families, ensures internal harmony, resolves disputes, administers justice when necessary, and provides protection to those in need. Regular meetings called Mejlis are held to discuss matters of concern to the community, where the Sheikh listens to the opinions of important members of the tribe and makes decisions. These meetings also include influential traders who have continued the tradition of finalizing trade agreements and decisions to the present day.

The above description indeed reflects how Ibn Khaldun depicted the lifestyle and characteristics of Bedouin (nomadic) communities in his work “Muqaddimah.” In “Muqaddimah,” Ibn Khaldun describes the qualities of the Bedouins as follows: “The Bedouins are those who live apart from society, lead a wild life exclusively in the desert, and in the process become wild and uncultured, distancing themselves from all forms of protection and settling within fortified places and walls. As a result, they take it upon themselves to defend, not entrusting this responsibility to others. They do not rely on others in this regard. Bedouins constantly carry weapons and remain vigilant against potential threats along their journey. They seldom rest or sleep, even when they sit or prepare their mounts. They avoid sleep, even at night. They are cautious and alert in the face of any noise or disturbance. They can enter vast, uninhabited, and desolate deserts and plains with confidence and fearlessness, without needing assistance from others. They have developed patience and courage as inherent qualities. Except for rare occasions when someone calls for help or when there is an individual pursuing them with hostile intent, they rely on their patience and courage.” ([9], p. 323).

Ibn Khaldun’s observations emphasize the impact of economic conditions and social changes on the development and character of human societies, highlighting the fluidity of human nature and culture in response to changing circumstances. As explained by Ibn Khaldun, these changes in the path of urbanization, coinciding with the discovery of oil resources in the Arabian Peninsula, marked a historical turning point. This transformation, deeply underscored by the introduction of oil as a new and significant economic resource, played an effective role in accelerating the transition from a once-nomadic Bedouin society to a more settled way of life. ([9], p. 627) Ibn Khaldun emphasizes the idea that the development and dissemination of knowledge are closely associated with urbanized and culturally advanced societies, as opposed to nomadic or less developed communities.

Indeed, the progress of civilization in the Arabian Peninsula revealed itself as a tightly interconnected, complex process with the transition from nomadic life to settled communities. The discovery of oil resources not only represented a profound economic shift but also served as a catalyst for the establishment of essential infrastructure, educational institutions, and technological advancements necessary for the development of a sophisticated and urbanized society. From such a perspective, we can understand how crucial oil has been in reshaping the path of societal progress within the region. In summary, Ibn Khaldun’s insights offer a valuable perspective on understanding the interaction between economic transformation, knowledge development, and the evolution of society. The urbanization transition driven by the emergence of oil as a significant economic resource demonstrated how a change in economic foundations could ultimately contribute to profound societal changes, ultimately adding to the intricate fabric of civilization in the Arabian Peninsula ([10], p. 4).

In the 1930s, the discovery of oil in Bahrain in 1932 led to a radical transformation in the political and economic landscape of the Arabian Peninsula. Dubai emerged as a significant port, particularly in the early 20th century, after Sheikh Maktoum bin Hashar abolished taxes and controls in 1904. This attracted Indian and Iranian merchants and led to the growth of trade ([11], p. 71). The United Arab Emirates underwent a gradual transformation in turning its oil and gas reserves into a source of income, with significant changes starting in the 1960s. Rapid development began, especially with the increase in oil prices in 1973. Within 25 years, the United Arab Emirates became one of the countries with the highest living standards. Today, one-fifth of the population living in the United Arab Emirates are millionaires, and education and healthcare services are provided free of charge. As of 2012, the United Arab Emirates is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of per capita income (The World Bank [12], p. 72). Aslında geleneksel yaşam tarzı, petrol keşfi ve eski Trucial Devletleri’nin 1971’de bağımsızlığına kavuşmasının hızlı değişiklikleri sonucunda derin bir dönüşüm geçirdi ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin kurulmasına yol açtı ([13], p. 77).

The significant economic development brought about by oil reserves also brought about a societal change in terms of social and cultural dimensions. Life in the United Arab Emirates underwent a major transformation with the beginning of modernization of traditional structures. Its competitive economy attracted people from all around the world to work, live, and explore in this region. This has an impact on traditional values, lifestyles, and cultural structures. The cultural and lifestyle changes experienced by Emiratis will be discussed below by looking for past and present practices.

4. The cultural characteristics of the United Arab Emirates in the past and today

4.1 Family, women, and social order

The family institution was the most important institution in Emirati society and continues to hold a central position, serving as the foundation of its cultural values and social structure. Despite the increasing prevalence of nuclear families in contemporary Emirati life, the tradition of extended family gatherings remains deep-rooted in the nation’s cultural fabric. Special occasions, especially on Fridays and various holiday celebrations, continue to serve as moments when extended families come together, sharing communal meals, and providing opportunities to strengthen the bonds that connect them.

In Emirati families, the role of the mother holds a respected position and carries the title “Umm,” signifying her vital position within the household and her significant contributions to family life. This title emphasizes respect and reverence for mothers, highlighting their central role in nurturing and sustaining family bonds ([2], p. 10).

Polygamous households are traditionally and legally still a valid arrangement. They combine elements of both the nuclear and extended family structures, with spouses living separately, sometimes with their own families or in-laws. Husbands divide their time among these households as needed. Islamic principles allow a man to have up to three wives, with the condition of treating them fairly. However, practical differences due to interpretations and sources can impact family well-being. Multiple marriages are no longer accepted by educated women, as they choose to establish their own lives when faced with this situation, given their economic independence. However, it is not realistic to assume that this reflects the general population, as the number of such confident and empowered women is not very high.” ([14], p. 455; [15], pp. 75–92).

In accordance with the patriarchal cultural norms prevalent throughout the Arabian Peninsula, sons are granted higher respect than daughters ([16], p. 14). It is not difficult to conclude such a result concerning symbolic differences marking the birth of sons, such as more elaborate celebrations following the birth of sons and the ritual slaughter of two rams upon the birth of a son. These symbolic distinctions marking the birth of sons are characteristic features of practices commonly observed in other parts of the world where patriarchal family structures dominate.

Families adhering firmly to rigid interpretations of these gender norms may invest significant effort in monitoring their daughters’ activities and movements while granting more leniency in supervision to their sons. Consequently, sons often enjoy the freedom to do what they desire and go where they please, without needing to explain their whereabouts or activities to their families.

This tolerance toward young sons is not an uncommon phenomenon in the context of the United Arab Emirates and has raised concerns among school social workers and educators, particularly regarding discipline and academic performance [17].

When Islamic values and traditional structures come together, gender roles in family and social life are also clearly defined. According to the religious understanding, a woman’s place within the family is the home, and her responsibility is to take care of the family members. Economically, it is the responsibility of men to provide for the family and earn money. In the past, women had to independently manage various tasks, including childcare, household chores, water collection, food gathering, weaving, sewing family clothes, and raising animals.

Regarding the changing role of women, Emirati women today have more opportunities compared to their mothers. The older generation generally focused on household responsibilities, but these tasks are now more equally shared. Younger women are becoming more visible in society, as they can receive education and attain a status in line with their aspirations ([18], p. 260).

The government provides positive support for increasing women’s participation in different fields and industries (Sheikh Zaid participated in the Gulf Women’s Conference in Abu Dhabi in 1984, where his wife, Sheikha Fatima, spoke about the necessity of women working). Young female students have positive thoughts about the future and can indeed find suitable opportunities upon graduation. Although they consider balancing their professional lives with family life and continuing their careers when they have children, the majority still do not contemplate working outside the home ([18], p. 270).

In both individual and societal contexts, women are grappling with the contradictions and unrest created by deep-rooted traditions and customs. In the United Arab Emirates, educated women who have gained economic independence following the increase in higher education and career opportunities find themselves caught between two different worlds. Their professional identity as active members of society clashes with the traditional values that confine them, limiting their visibility in society and restricting their ability to travel without a male companion. This creates a peculiar dilemma where a female teacher who educates hundreds of young minds and prepares them for the future, a female doctor who saves lives in critical surgeries, cannot enjoy the freedom to travel wherever they desire [19].

Additionally, due to the opportunities brought about by high economic power, Emirati women hire domestic helpers for household services and childcare, thus reducing a significant portion of their domestic responsibilities. The roles of women in modern United Arab Emirates have evolved, with some traditional roles disappearing alongside greater opportunities.

In fact, the persistence of these cultural structures and values reflects the resistance of Emirati traditions in the face of modernization and globalization, emphasizing the importance of preserving the family structure. Government policies even point to the continued significance of certain old traditions in the rapidly changing social context for the preservation of Emirati identity. These cultural elements not only provide continuity and a sense of identity but also strengthen a strong sense of community and unity among Emirati society, thereby enhancing the country’s social fabric.

These remarkable developments have a relatively new origin and have created a significant generational difference in shaping formative experiences and life expectations between previous and subsequent generations within the family. Often, the previous generation tends to idealize the past a bit and has praised the Bedouin way of life, actually emphasizing society’s commitment to common moral values, as “good-hearted” and “well-behaved” individuals from that era. Despite the challenges, people believed they had closer family ties and neighborly support.

4.2 Elderly and youth in the United Arab Emirates

The population of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is predominantly young, with a median age of 32.6 years as of 2020. In contrast, Germany had a median age of 45.7 years, and Japan’s was 48.4 during the same year. Given these age demographics, the current focus of public policy in the UAE is on addressing the needs of its youth and the working-age population below 65, making up 98.7% of the total population. Notably, in the UAE, older individuals are highly respected ([20], p. 2).

It’s not surprising that, due to Emiratis’ strong commitment to family values, local customs, and reverence for the elderly, roughly 80% of the surveyed population agrees that society has an obligation to care for the elderly. Moreover, over 75% of respondents believe that older individuals contribute significantly to society through their knowledge, experiences, and voluntary contributions to their communities ([20], p. 2). In the UAE, a majority of the population (62%) personally knows someone who receives support or aged care in their own home. However, only 32% are familiar with someone residing in a residential aged care facility or hospital.

While it can be argued that old age still enhances family and societal status in the United Arab Emirates, and even today, elderly individuals continue to live with their families or under their close care and protection, this situation is changing. The country’s shifting demographics, changes in the patterns of disease and dependency, older peoples’ expectations, and shifting family structure will create pressure on the demand for aged care in the future. Actually, research demonstrates that there are misconceptions among Emirati families about having public nursing homes. For people in this society placing their older parents into nursing homes is synonymous with disobedience; to them, it is a sign of dishonor and embarrassment. Changing cultural concepts must be taken to the higher levels of policymakers so they may develop continuous public awareness campaigns of such matters ([21], p. 11).

In the UAE, 40% of the population is under the age of ten, raising concerns about potential political instability due to a significant youth population. Emirati men often wear traditional clothing, while teenage boys frequently combine traditional attire with baseball caps. Emirati girls blend Western and Arab fashion by wearing traditional black dresses paired with Western-style clothing underneath.

Dubai Mall, along with several other upscale shopping malls in the UAE, is a prominent shopping destination that houses branches of Western retail establishments. The presence of these stores is gradually bridging the gap between wearing a hijab and wearing fashionable attire from well-known Western brands like Zara, H&M, Mango, and DKNY. DKNY, for example, introduced an Islamic Ramadan collection for the summer and fall of 2014, designed with urban women in mind. This collection includes a range of vibrant trench coats, complemented by trousers, khakis, and stylish hijab options ([1], p. 84).

Citizens of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) typically live with extended families and have strong social bonds with their relatives. Non-citizens, on the other hand, usually live in nuclear families. They exercise more parental control over their children compared to Western parents. Many families in the UAE can afford foreign domestic helpers, who play a valuable role in child-rearing despite their low wages ([22], pp. 130–131). Therefore, in recent years, caregivers’ cultures and languages have had a significant influence on children’s upbringing. This situation raises concerns that it may lead to a more comfortable acceptance of Western norms and foreign languages in the younger generation, potentially distancing them from traditional values.

In the United Arab Emirates, girls, especially concerning pre-marital sexual relations prohibited by religion and tradition, face stricter social constraints compared to boys. Religion holds significant importance in the lives of the youth in the UAE and influences their actions in various ways. Most Muslim girls in the region adopt practices such as covering their heads in public spaces and abstaining from alcohol, while some view these rules as personal preferences and minor transgressions. Others adhere more strictly to their beliefs, utilizing conservative religious aspects to reaffirm their cultural and religious identities. Many young Muslim men regularly attend mosque prayers, and both boys and girls generally perform daily prayers, reflecting the significance of Islam in their lives and their respect for their religion and culture ([22], p. 134).

4.3 Education

In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), literacy has significantly increased over the past 30 years, with a notably higher literacy rate among women. Schools and universities in the UAE are often segregated by gender, with separate campuses for male and female students.

Until the 1950s in the UAE, educational institutions were known as “kuttab,” where only young boys and girls attended to learn the Quran, memorize it, and receive some basic mathematics instruction. Most girls would attend these schools before reaching adolescence, preparing for marriage and later household duties ([23], p. 51). However, in contemporary times, female students have the opportunity to attend education at all levels, including universities, in coeducational schools or schools and campuses exclusively for females ([24], p. 313). While many female students pursue education in the social sciences and arts, only a few opt for fields like engineering, medicine, or law ([23], pp. 55–56).

In Dubai, the Dubai Education Council (DEC) is dedicated to achieving global educational standards, emphasizing international accreditation and quality assurance while preserving cultural and social values. Their mission and strategy include:

1. Developing global benchmarked educational standards.

2. Encouraging schools to contribute to societal development.

3. Enhancing and supporting quality education through initiatives.

4. Promoting continuous improvement and standardization in education.

5. Providing support to the Ministry of Education and relevant stakeholders.

6. Recommending proposals to the Dubai Executive Council to fulfill its vision for education reform.

Education reform in the UAE focuses on higher standards, professionalism, interactive learning, and integrating English into subjects like math and science. ADEC, DEC, and MOE are driving this reform while preserving cultural identity. Since its inception, ADEC has significantly expanded education access, with around 650,000 students in 1,256 schools in 2006–2007, with 60% in public schools ([25], pp. 16–19).

Despite substantial developments in the UAE’s education system, the government acknowledges that education is a long-term investment requiring continual updates in policies, infrastructure, and human resources to prepare graduates for the modern job market and contribute to the country’s development. This awareness led to the establishment of Education 2020, a five-year plan initiated by the UAE Ministry of Education (MOE) with the goal of improving teaching methodologies and student learning outcomes. Vision 2020 is not a rigid vision but rather underscores the importance of continuous enhancement in response to evolving conditions within the educational system and society. It serves as a strategic guide for the UAE’s educational progress, with periodic assessments conducted every five years to gauge advancements and chart future courses of action. Vision 2020 is grounded in four primary pillars: Islamic heritage, national heritage, the nation’s constitution, and its current developmental priorities. These four pillars provide the groundwork for planning and decision-making, aiding in the evaluation of the country’s internal and external landscapes, taking into account social, economic, strategic requirements, and necessary skills. Vision 2020 aspires to transform education by integrating it with various facets of life, ultimately boosting individual self-realization and aligning with the nation’s demographic, strategic, economic, and societal needs ([24], p. 315).

4.4 Cuisine and food culture in the United Arab Emirates

The culinary traditions of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reflect a rich history and a blend of cultural influences. Historically, the local population in the region has adhered to a simple yet health-conscious dietary tradition, characterized by the utilization of locally sourced ingredients. Goat and camel meat, dates, and milk have long been staples of the Emirati diet, offering not only sustenance but also a connection to the arid and challenging environment of the desert ([26], pp. 2–3).

However, the UAE’s rapid modernization and globalization have significantly impacted its food culture. Today, the UAE stands as a global hub, attracting individuals from all corners of the world. As a result, the culinary landscape of the UAE has evolved to encompass a diverse array of international cuisines. Chinese, Japanese, American, and Indian cuisines, among others, have found a prominent place in the hearts and palates of the UAE’s multicultural population.

One prominent aspect of this culinary transformation is the proliferation of international fast-food chains throughout the country. These establishments have gained immense popularity among the people, offering a convenient and quick dining experience. While traditional Emirati dishes remain cherished and are often enjoyed by families at home, the emergence of fast food has changed dining habits and preferences, particularly among the younger generation.

This shift toward dining out in restaurants, meeting friends, and spending leisure time in shopping malls is emblematic of the changing social fabric of the UAE. However, it is essential to acknowledge that this trend has also brought about a decline in the traditional Arab practice of hosting guests at home for meals. The act of serving homemade dishes to family and friends has been an integral part of Arab hospitality for generations, fostering a sense of togetherness and community. The shift toward restaurant dining, while convenient, has, to some extent, led to the diminishing of these cherished traditions ([26], p. 3).

Furthermore, the adoption of unhealthy eating habits, often associated with the consumption of fast food and processed foods, has contributed to a growing health concern in the UAE: obesity. Obesity rates have been on the rise in recent years, posing significant challenges to public health. This underscores the importance of promoting balanced and nutritious dietary choices among the population to mitigate the adverse effects of these changing food preferences.

Amidst these shifts in culinary habits, one enduring symbol of Emirati hospitality is Arabic coffee, or ‘Gahwa.’ This aromatic and traditional beverage continues to hold a special place in Emirati culture. It is often served to guests as a symbol of welcome and goodwill. However, even this tradition has seen an evolution with the introduction of large coffee chains like Starbucks, which have brought the American-style coffee-drinking culture to the UAE.

In summary, the influence of globalization is unmistakably apparent in the culinary landscape of the United Arab Emirates. While traditional Emirati dishes and hospitality practices endure, they now coexist with a dynamic array of international flavors and dining habits. These changes in food culture not only reflect the UAE’s position as a global crossroads but also have far-reaching effects on family dynamics and societal life, as well as public health challenges, such as the rising prevalence of obesity.

4.5 Architecture

Traditional Emirati homes are known as structures that represent the pre-independence era, designed to accommodate extended families, reflecting a rich cultural and architectural heritage. These historic homes used various sustainable construction materials readily available in the region. In particular, structures in the region included tents and huts made from palm leaves, while more complex residences near the coast incorporated materials such as coral stone, mud, and locally sourced mangrove wood. One distinctive architectural feature of these traditional Emirati homes was the presence of the “barjeel,” a wind tower. These wind towers were designed for both functional and environmental purposes, cleverly capturing prevailing winds and providing natural ventilation and cooling to interior spaces ([2], p. 9). This local architectural feature played a significant role in mitigating the harsh desert climate and offered inhabitants a more comfortable living environment. Moreover, the barjeel was an integral part of the architectural identity of these homes and was essential in shaping the cultural and social fabric of Emirati society.

However, with the rapid urbanization and modernization in the United Arab Emirates, traditional barjeels have unfortunately faded into obscurity, almost disappearing from the contemporary architectural landscape. A shift toward modern construction techniques and technologies, coupled with a demand for larger and more Western-style homes, has contributed to this decline. Nevertheless, there is a growing recognition of the importance of preserving Emirati heritage and cultural identity. As a result, there has been renewed interest in the characteristic wind tower design. Modern architects and urban planners have started incorporating elements inspired by the traditional barjeel into contemporary architectural projects. This revival not only shows respect for the region’s cultural heritage but also serves as a source of pride and identity for the Emirati people. Consequently, the architectural evolution from traditional Emirati homes to contemporary urban structures reflects not only the changing landscape of the Emirates but also underscores the enduring significance of cultural heritage. The legacy of the barjeel and its impact on modern architecture emphasizes the importance of preserving and celebrating the rich cultural tapestry of the United Arab Emirates, even in the face of rapid modernization. However, now homes are designed for nuclear families rather than extended ones, so large houses have become less popular, and apartment living is on the rise. Furniture and home design have become very similar to what is seen in Western countries ([2], p. 9). Floor seating has given way to tables. Despite traditional influences, the impact of globalization is felt in architecture and home design, and traces of significant societal change can be seen in architecture as well.

4.6 Vacation

However, due to the significant increase in per capita income over the years in the United Arab Emirates, the dynamics of vacation habits have undergone a significant transformation. A noteworthy development in this regard has been the globalization of vacation destinations. This transformation can be attributed to various factors such as increased financial resources, improved connections, and an increasingly cosmopolitan outlook among Emirati citizens ([17], pp. 578–580).

One of the key catalysts for this change has been the emergence and growth of local airlines within the United Arab Emirates. Specifically, the United Arab Emirates is home to several leading airlines like Emirates, Etihad Airways, Flydubai, and Air Arabia, which have greatly contributed to making international travel more accessible to local residents. These airlines have effectively bridged geographical distances, making destinations worldwide just a single flight away from the United Arab Emirates.

This expansion in the aviation industry has not only assisted Emiratis in exploring different cultures and landscapes but has also played a role in promoting global connectivity and cultural exchange. The availability of direct flights to numerous international destinations has allowed Emirati families to embark on enriching journeys worldwide, exposing them to a multitude of cultural experiences and perspectives.

Before gaining independence, family vacations were mostly limited to local destinations, often involving visits to nearby regions and occasional trips to neighboring countries like those in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) or countries in the Indian Subcontinent. These trips usually served the purpose of visiting distant relatives or shopping. The desert landscape, defined by its unique charm and serenity, continued to be a preferred destination for weekend getaways among Emirati families ([13], pp. 80–82).

As a result, the evolution of Emiratis’ vacation preferences from local and regional destinations to a more global outlook reflects broader socio-economic developments in the United Arab Emirates. The increase in per capita income, coupled with the establishment of leading local airlines, has opened up new horizons that were previously unthinkable for Emirati families. This change not only enriches their personal lives but also contributes to the country’s relationship with the global community.

4.7 Sports

The concept of nations dividing the world is widely recognized, but it’s essential to acknowledge that it is not an inherent or natural state. The process through which individuals come to identify with a nation is a multifaceted question with diverse answers. National identity can be influenced by both top-down, state-driven initiatives and bottom-up, grassroots practices, often intertwining with one another. This phenomenon is particularly evident when examining heritage sports in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

In recent times, Gulf states, including the UAE, have actively pursued hosting significant international sporting events, particularly in elite sports such as tennis, cycling, sailing, golf, and equestrian sports, as a means to enhance their global prestige and project an image of opulence and luxury. For instance, the construction of Abu Dhabi’s Yas Marina Circuit, costing $1.3 billion, following Bahrain’s Formula One Grand Prix in 2004, exemplifies this strategic approach ([27], p. 12). These events serve as platforms to showcase the UAE as a cosmopolitan, affluent, and modern destination while simultaneously promoting urban development and positioning cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi as sporting hubs for elite tourists. These initiatives align with the nationalistic objective of countering Orientalist stereotypes about the Middle East in the Western world and actively challenging negative perceptions through promotional materials featuring state-of-the-art sports venues and infrastructure. The primary target audience for such events is international, with the aim of reshaping perceptions of the UAE and its people [28].

In contrast to elite sports, state leaders also promote heritage sports that reflect local Emirati culture and traditions. The promotion of local culture in heritage sports is carefully curated and aestheticized. While heritage sports operate in a different sphere from elite sports, they share the common goal of enhancing a positive Emirati national identity that combines elements of modernity with tradition.

When addressing international audiences, elite sports question negative perceptions about the Middle East, while cultural heritage sports represent a more localized aspect of Emirati culture and national traditions. Cultural heritage sports are carefully organized to reflect a modern yet tradition-based image of Emirati national identity. Additionally, the state actively involves Emirati citizens as primary participants and spectators by supporting festivals, competitions, and various events, thereby promoting the growth and institutionalization of these sports. Examples include the Cultural Programs and Heritage Festivals Committee in Abu Dhabi, which organizes events promoting cultural heritage sports such as camel racing, dog racing, and falconry. “Falconry, in particular, stands out as a prominent cultural heritage sport in the UAE” ([29], p. 12).

Sports heritage is a process that defines the symbols of the past and imbues the past with meaning through direct participation or admiration by people. Promoting sports heritage in the UAE is supported by both the government and its citizens. These sports celebrate traditional and modern values by elevating Emirati culture. Whether performed to pique the interest of tourists or as a hidden passion, sports heritage strengthens the Emirati identity and contributes to internalizing the international geopolitical vision.

To preserve their cultural heritage, Emiratis continue traditions like camel racing that enhance social cohesion and a sense of belonging. Camel racing also contributes to shaping the state’s ideological and political identity.

5. Effects of multiculturalism

The federal system in the United Arab Emirates allows for the implementation of local traditions and governance in different Emirates. While federal rules apply to fundamental matters like currency and foreign policy, each emirate has its own laws and codes of conduct, making it difficult to define the state and society in a singular way.

Dubai is the second-largest emirate in the United Arab Emirates, accommodating approximately 14% of the local Arab population. While it derives only 7% of its income from oil revenues, the remaining 93% comes from the non-oil service sector. Dubai serves as a significant trade hub in the Middle East, notably through the Jebel Ali Free Zone, contributing a substantial portion of the United Arab Emirates’ non-oil gross domestic product (GDP) and accounting for 60% of the total. The rest of the country is actively working to expand its infrastructure and offer free trade agreements to Western and Asian nations in an effort to diversify its economy. Under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubai has successfully realized its vision of becoming a lucrative global trade center.

Dubai stands as an emirate where over 200 nationalities coexist in peace, thanks to its high income, comfortable living conditions, educational opportunities, healthcare services, and a tolerant societal structure. In the 2014 United Nations Development Index, the United Arab Emirates ranked 40th out of 187 countries worldwide ([30], p. 3). However, the influx of immigrants to Dubai is not solely due to its high standards.

The percentages of the migrant population in the UAE by country can be seen below (Table 1).

Country	Percentage of population
India	39.20
Pakistan	9.40
Bangladesh	9.50
Philippines	6.10
Iran	4.76
Egypt	10.20
Other South Asians	2.30
All other countries	12.80
Other countries	17.94

Table 1.

UAE population by nationality 2024.

Source: [31]

Various factors contribute to the influx of foreign labor in the region. One primary reason is the low local population. Since 1971, the government’s main objective has been to create a robust economy independent of natural resources, such as oil and gas. Consequently, significant investments have been made in tourism, construction, transportation, and finance sectors since the 1980s ([7], p. 107). However, to achieve the goal of economic diversification, which has been identified as a priority, there is a shortage of the required workforce within the country, necessitating the influx of labor from abroad ([7], p. 106).

“Foreign workers, who make up over 90% of the country’s workforce, come from countries such as India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The majority of these workers are male, with 58% coming from South Asia, 17% from Asia, and 8.5% from Western expatriates” ([3], p. 53). While the number of female workers from Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines has increased in recent years, women generally work in domestic chores, childcare, and cleaning jobs, while men tend to work in the construction sector and low-profile service jobs. Additionally, the region attracts a highly educated workforce, often hailing from the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, and Western Europe, working in industries such as petroleum, education, finance, and investment.

In the Emirates, foreign curriculum schools have been established for the children of these foreign workers, offering music, foreign language, sports, art courses, and international restaurants. Various groups come together at shows and festivals, celebrating special days and holidays from different faiths ([4], pp. 42–43).

The establishment of the Ministry of Tolerance in the UAE in 2016 aimed to declare tolerance as a virtue and an integral part of Islamic culture. With over 200 nationalities living peacefully and successfully in the UAE, the UAE society has unquestionably become an example of tolerance and inclusivity. Now, the Federal Government is willing to promote and embrace tolerance and understanding as the core values of the society ([4], p. 42).

In 2016, the establishment of the Ministry of Tolerance in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was undertaken with the aim of emphasizing tolerance as a virtue and an integral part of Islamic culture. Tolerance is observed at individual, institutional, and national levels. With over 200 nationalities peacefully coexisting and thriving in the UAE, the Emirati society has unquestionably set an example of being a tolerant and inclusive country. The Federal Government is now committed to promoting acceptance and understanding as fundamental values of society (“Tolerance – UAE Government Official Portal,” n.d.).

The UAE government, while preserving Islamic culture and Bedouin heritage, approaches different cultures with respect and tolerance, reducing tensions by facilitating easy access to authorities. Islamic culture is not rigorously enforced due to globalization, and the government places economic globalization ahead of religious beliefs. In this context, the Emirates rapidly adapts to the changing future while preserving the state and societal identity.

However, as a consequence of multiculturalism, English has prominently emerged as the most widely used common language. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the dominance of the English language in private-sector activities has posed a threat to the marginalization of Arabic. Furthermore, many young Emirati citizens fluently speak Hindi due to the presence of Asian caregivers. According to a survey conducted in 1999, nearly half of the respondents preferred English as their medium of education, while 30% opted for a mixture of English and Arabic, and only 23% favored Arabic-only education. This situation contradicts the government’s policies that promote nationalism and traditional values [32].

Despite the existence of multiple identities and affiliations, policies, media, and education have fostered an increasingly prevalent Emirati identity in the UAE. Many citizens primarily identify as Emirati, as opposed to Arab or other localized identities.

6. The impact of globalization on culture in Western societies

Globalization has had a profound and multifaceted impact on the cultures of Western societies. Here are some key aspects to consider:

1. Cultural Exchange and Diversity: Globalization has facilitated greater cultural exchange, as Western societies interact with people from all over the world. This has led to increased cultural diversity within Western countries, with the influx of immigrants and the adoption of various cultural elements from different regions.

2. Spread of Western Values and Consumerism: Western values, such as individualism, democracy, and human rights, have been promoted and embraced globally through media, international organizations, and economic ties. Similarly, consumerism, driven by Western advertising and brands, has become a global phenomenon.

3. Impact on Traditional Values: Globalization has brought both positive and negative consequences for traditional values in Western societies. On one hand, it has encouraged greater tolerance and acceptance of diverse perspectives. On the other hand, it has led to concerns about the erosion of traditional cultural values and practices.

4. Cultural Homogenization and Hybridization: Western popular culture, including music, films, fashion, and fast food, has spread globally, leading to a degree of cultural homogenization. However, it has also resulted in cultural hybridization, where elements from different cultures blend to create new forms of expression.

5. Technology and Communication: Advances in technology, particularly the internet and social media, have revolutionized communication and information exchange. This has allowed for the rapid dissemination of cultural products and ideas, further blurring geographical and cultural boundaries.

6. Challenges to National Identity: Globalization has sometimes challenged traditional notions of national identity in Western societies. Increased immigration, international business, and global connectivity have led to discussions about what it means to be a “citizen” of a particular country in an increasingly interconnected world.

7. Cultural Hegemony: Some critics argue that globalization, particularly in media and entertainment, can lead to cultural hegemony, where Western cultural values dominate and marginalize indigenous cultures ([33], pp. 22–24; [34], pp. 173–175).

In summary, globalization has had a profound impact on Western cultures, fostering cultural exchange, influencing traditional values, and reshaping the way people perceive and interact with the world. It has both enriched and challenged cultural identities, and its effects continue to evolve as globalization continues to shape our interconnected world.

7. Conclusion

Under the influence of globalization, the Emiratis’ adoption of a holistic identity and their rejection of simplistic labels like West versus East, modern versus traditional, and reason versus religion in favor of their place in modern life are significant and noteworthy developments. They seek to respect human rights, embrace liberalism, show tolerance toward different values, and pursue modernization without sacrificing values such as family, honor, or tradition. In contemporary United Arab Emirates, efforts to reduce disadvantages that may arise from issues related to class, gender, ethnicity, or sect are highlighted, with the goal of providing equal opportunities for every citizen without compromising these values.

The United Arab Emirates has undergone significant economic and social changes in the past 30 years, and traditional family structures and the status of women have changed dramatically. Altering the roles of women in both family and society faces resistance in conservative and traditional settings. Nowadays women can pursue education, careers, and increased visibility in society without compromising their roles as wives and mothers. Their success in the business world, politics, and the preservation of their traditional identities serves as a testament to the possibility of this balance. This dynamic is particularly valuable for women navigating the tension between traditional values and modernization, offering them a meaningful guide. It’s noteworthy that women, while upholding traditional roles, also leverage opportunities available in the modern world for their benefit.

The active involvement of women in the economy and their increased productivity are vital for a strong, diversified economy, independent of natural resources. Although women’s rights in the UAE have made progress compared to global standards, they still face limited freedom and autonomy. Despite being well-educated and successful in business, many Gulf women are expected to conform to traditional social roles and defer to male family members’ decisions, leading to significant societal conflicts.

Within the context of this investigation, it becomes evident that while the paramount dimension of societal transformation pertains to the reshaping of familial structures and the redefinition of women’s roles, there exists a concurrent phenomenon where traditional societal frameworks undergo a process of integration with contemporary Western paradigms across various domains, including architecture, sports, entertainment, political culture, and education. This convergence between historical conventions and modern Western models, as discerned within the socio-cultural milieu, signifies a multifaceted evolution.

Not only the changing roles of women in family and society, but also in various aspects of culture in the United Arab Emirates, such as education, architecture, travel and leisure, dining, and even the impact on the elderly and youth in the context of globalization and modernity, when examined, the resulting conclusion is as follows.

Drawing inspiration from the insights of the renowned scholar Ibn Khaldun, this confluence of societal dynamics is underscored by the concomitant processes of economic development, urbanization, and engagement with diverse cultural perspectives. It becomes apparent that the Emirates, once characterized by a nomadic Bedouin ethos, is experiencing a profound shift toward more sedentary values and structures.

The paradigmatic exemplar of this transformative trajectory is encapsulated within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), wherein a compelling illustration emerges of the inexorable interplay between globalization and the ramifications of economic advancement. This nexus invariably engenders liberalization and a discernible transformation of societal paradigms, even within traditionally conservative and religiously oriented societies.

Noteworthy is the observation that the populace appears to embrace these transformations, thereby implying a societal consensus on the beneficial outcomes of this ongoing process of liberalization and modernization. It is conceivable that this trajectory, hitherto manifested predominantly within the cultural sphere, may progressively extend its reach into the realm of political discourse in the foreseeable future, thereby fostering a more profound and holistic societal metamorphosis.

The study suggests that the impact of globalization on the culture of a highly traditional and religiously conservative country like the United Arab Emirates may not be significantly different from its impact on Western countries, as outlined in the previous section.