Stakeholders Perspectives on Ecotourism in Biosphere Reserves in Morocco and Lebanon: The Case of Shouf Biosphere Reserve and Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean in Morocco (IBRM)

Abstract

This chapter investigates the perspectives of local stakeholders involved in implementing strategies to enhance ecotourism activities within two distinct biosphere reserves: The Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) in Morocco and the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in Lebanon. The study adopts a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews to uncover both commonalities and differences in the stakeholders’ viewpoints regarding ecotourism within these two protected areas. Despite the commonly shared goals, the results reveal nuanced distinctions in the strategies, initiatives, and promotional methods used to promote ecotourism in the two reserves. The research highlights the roles of local stakeholders and their unique contributions to the advancement of ecotourism in these regions.

1. Introduction

Environmental challenges, such as ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, declining animal populations, global warming, desertification, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and improper waste disposal, represent some of humanity’s most critical issues. These challenges predominantly arise from human activities, leading to habitat destruction and ecosystem harm.

The attainment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires a collaborative endeavor to tackle environmental challenges and establish a sustainable global society, as emphasized by [1]. At the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals lies the crucial task of protecting the Earth’s ecosystems and biodiversity to ensure the well-being of both current and future generations.

Moreover, the phenomenon of globalization has intensified the interconnectivity of environmental issues on a global scale. As economies become increasingly intertwined, so too do the environmental challenges they confront. However, globalization also presents an opportunity for international collaboration and cooperation to effectively address and tackle these challenges, as noted by [2].

The importance of international cooperation is especially evident in the realm of ecotourism. Ecotourism represents a sustainable model within the tourism industry that emphasizes environmental preservation, cultural conservation, and community involvement. Consequently, it acts as a driver for progress across multiple Sustainable Development Goals, including those addressing environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, and community empowerment.

The sustainability of our planet and the welfare of its inhabitants face significant threats stemming from the global human-ecological crisis. This crisis, largely precipitated by the exponential growth of the world’s population, is evidenced by escalating ecological footprints, intensified consumption patterns, and heightened pollution levels. Human expansion into natural ecosystems further compounds these challenges, contributing to increased carbon dioxide emissions and loss of biodiversity. Effective mitigation of this crisis requires immediate and concerted international action, entailing collaborative efforts across borders and sectors to formulate sustainable solutions.

This global crisis at the intersection of human and environmental concerns has unprecedentedly elevated the urgency of sustainability and biodiversity preservation [3]. Biosphere reserves are crucial in enhancing our planet’s ecological resilience, serving as defenders of diverse ecosystems and their myriad species [4].

Sustainable development involves adopting various strategies to protect resources for the well-being of future generations. As articulated by Keeble [5], sustainable development entails pursuing progress that meets current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to fulfill their own requirements [6]. The objectives delineated in the 1987 report “Our Common Future” by The World Commission on Environment and Development underscore the imperative of achieving sustainable development and ensuring the enduring availability of resources.¹

The growing global demand for ecotourism, particularly after the pandemic, has incited nations like Morocco and Lebanon to adopt strategies that aim at promoting sustainable practices in their biosphere reserves. The Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) in Morocco and the Shouf Biosphere Reserve in Lebanon are both dynamic areas that are vital for preserving biodiversity and promoting socioeconomic development. Morocco and Lebanon have strategically placed their biosphere reserves as major contributors to environmental conservation and sustainable development due to the increased interest in ecotourism (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Caricatural diagram of the components of the SBR (EDUBIOMED project). Source: Fanny Didou, 2021, dans le cadre du projet EDUBIOMED.

Cognizant of the constraints inherent in direct ecotourism initiatives, stakeholders in Morocco have embraced a comprehensive strategy within the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM). This approach places a strong emphasis on ecological preservation and the conservation of biodiversity. The strategies adopted are highlighted through collaboration with international partners and active involvement with the local community. Projects that promote sustainable practices in accommodation, agriculture, and cultural preservation are further financed by government programs led by the Department of Agriculture and the Ministry of Tourism [7].

Similarly, Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in Lebanon stands out as an example of a successful ecotourism site despite the challenges related to security incidents and a decrease in visitor numbers. Stakeholders in the Lebanese context prioritize environmental preservation, improved quality of life for local communities, and enhancements of tourism products and services. The link between tourism and the biosphere reserve is becoming increasingly vital, with an evolving mutual dependency. The Shouf Biosphere Reserve reveals the effectiveness of programs, partnerships, and a well-defined tourism strategy that not only promotes the reserve but also contributes to the economic development of local communities [8].

The present study adopts a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, to elucidate both the convergences and divergences in stakeholders’ viewpoints on ecotourism in the IBRM and SBR. The focus is on the diverse roles of local stakeholders and their contributions to the promotion of ecotourism. The study also explores how these initiatives can be used to conserve biodiversity.

2. Literature review

Biosphere reserves are crucial in implementing several strategies and initiatives to maintain ecotourism development. Hence, ecotourism itself can be a reason for promoting sustainability in such areas. Countless definitions are given to the concept of “ecotourism”. They do, however, cover the same viewpoints such as protecting the environment and helping people to improve their income from their surroundings [9]. The concept of ecotourism and the concept of biosphere reserves go together in many ways.²

Many scholars have defined ecotourism as a special form of tourism that improves the well-being of local communities, protecting biodiversity, and providing tourists with a satisfying eco-experience [10].

Ceballos-Lascurain provided one of the earliest definitions of ecotourism, stating that it is a type of tourism focusing on visiting natural environments that are relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated. Ceballos-Lascurain [11] defined ecotourism as the pursuit of observing, appreciating, and enjoying the landscapes, wildlife, and plant life in these areas. He emphasized the importance of including all cultural manifestations, both historical and contemporary, as a crucial component of the ecotourism experience in these regions [12].

In 2002, Quebec officially acknowledged ecotourism as a manifestation of sustainable tourism principles, taking into consideration its impacts on the economy, society, and the environment.³ Furthermore, specific principles distinguishing ecotourism from the broader concept of sustainable tourism were identified. During the same year, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) issued guidelines, as documented by [13, 14].⁴

Scholars assert that the success of ecotourism hinges upon substantial engagement, effective communication, and shared knowledge among both leaders and participants [15]. Unlike many other forms of tourism, ecotourism experiences are deemed to have a comparatively lower long-term impact on the environment and biosphere. Consequently, ecotourism emerges as a potent means of promoting the tangible values inherent in a biosphere reserve.

The exploration of ecotourism within biosphere reserves is recognized as a pivotal component of sustainable tourism, seamlessly integrating conservation efforts with responsible economic development. The synergy between the concepts of ecotourism and biosphere reserves is evident, as they uniquely combine the preservation of ecosystems with sustainable human activities. This amalgamation allows ecotourism initiatives in these areas to effectively strike a balance between environmental preservation and socioeconomic advancement [16].

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has underscored the positive impact of ecotourism in protected areas, lauding its contributions to fostering environmental awareness and instilling a sense of responsibility for biodiversity conservation. Ecotourism emerges as a proactive means of safeguarding local flora and fauna, significantly enhancing the sustainability of these delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, engagement in ecotourism activities not only benefits the environment but also contributes to economic growth through job creation and the development of local communities.

Ecotourism, as defined by the International Ecotourism Society, embodies responsible travel practices geared toward preserving the environment and enhancing the well-being of local communities [16]. Also referred to as “nature tourism”, ecotourism endeavors to minimize the ecological impact of tourism activities.

The management of biosphere reserves garners significant international attention, with robust recommendations and regulations established globally [17, 18]. However, within the jurisdiction of UNESCO Member States, particularly in countries of the Global South like Morocco and Lebanon, biosphere reserves often receive limited recognition due to a primary focus on international cooperation. Yet, these reserves are pivotal for maintaining eco-socio-systems and balancing natural resource needs amidst environmental decline [19]. The sustainable use of biosphere reserves is the subject of extensive recommendations and restrictions at the international level [17, 18]. However, the importance of the international jurisdiction of the biosphere coincides with a modest or even marginal presence at the level of the jurisdiction of UNESCO Member States, particularly the countries of the South. The case of the jurisdiction of Morocco and Lebanon barely recognize the existence of biosphere reserves given their strategic interest in international cooperation. However, Biosphere Reserves are much more than areas for protecting biodiversity, they are vital areas for the eco-sociosystem and the continuity of the balance between the needs for natural resources and the potential offered by a natural substrate in strong regression. Various UNESCO summits and agreements emphasize this equilibrium [20, 21, 22], highlighting sustainable tourism as crucial for promoting awareness and maintaining balance [23]. Studies underscore the benefits of ecotourism within biosphere reserves, reshaping stakeholder perceptions and enhancing sustainability [19, 24, 25].

The literature on ecotourism in Morocco and Lebanon remains sparse, with few studies dedicated to the topic. One significant contribution is Selkani’s [26] investigation titled “Management of Protected Areas and Ecotourism: Exploring the Relationship”, focusing on Toubkal National Park. Selkani examines ecotourism as a nature-based tourism form, stressing its role in environmental conservation and local community welfare. The study underscores protected area management objectives, including biodiversity conservation, sustainable development promotion, and awareness-raising. Strategies for managing Morocco’s protected areas are discussed, highlighting their benefits in conserving natural and cultural resources and fostering sustainable local development. Selkani emphasizes ecotourism’s potential as a sustainable development tool, emphasizing sustainable practices and integration into broader development frameworks. The study cites Toubkal National Park as a successful example, showcasing its biodiversity, cultural significance, and tourism appeal. However, while insightful, Selkani’s [26] study lacks detailed methodology disclosure. This study will try to check these findings against the data from IBRM and the Shouf reserve.

Azzam’s [27] study of Shouf reserve in Lebanon investigates the management of the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in Lebanon, where urbanization often takes precedence over environmental conservation. Azzam develops an evaluation framework in his master’s thesis to assess the governance structure of the SBR, blending preservation and planning components specific to biosphere reserves. The study adopts a qualitative approach making use of interviews and participant observation to evaluate governance, management, and planning strategies. However, the study lacks detailed insight into its methodology. The findings highlight the need for policy interventions to support decision-makers in managing biosphere reserves, both locally in Shouf, Lebanon, and globally. Azzam’s research underscores the necessity for an integrated management model incorporating spatial planning principles to address challenges faced by protected areas like the SBR. By integrating spatial planning perspectives, the study contributes to the understanding of biosphere reserve management and evaluation, contributing to knowledge of regional governance and planning modalities essential for effective management of biosphere reserves like the Shouf Biosphere Reserves (BR) in Lebanon. The present study will check some of the key findings reported by Shouf reserve against its data.

Two recent studies contribute significantly to the understanding of the topic under investigation. Sethy and Senapati [28] conducted a comprehensive study on stakeholder perceptions regarding ecotourism development in the Chilika coastal wetland ecosystem in Odisha. Their research aimed to uncover the challenges and benefits associated with ecotourism in the region, as well as stakeholders’ willingness to invest in ecotourism development and biodiversity conservation. Utilizing semi-structured interviews, the study engaged 250 informants from various adjacent areas, including Balugaon, Barakul, Pathara, and Khalikot. The contingent valuation method and the Double Hurdle Model were employed to analyze stakeholders’ willingness to contribute financially. The findings underscore the critical importance of environmental awareness and education among local communities and tourists for biodiversity conservation in Chilika Lake. Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of considering socioeconomic and demographic characteristics in formulating sustainable ecotourism practices. It emphasizes the necessity for environmental education and awareness initiatives, as well as improved tourism infrastructure, to effectively conserve biodiversity in the region. The current investigation will examine how the conditions in the IBRM and Shouf reserves compare with those observed in the Chilika case.

Esparza et al. [29] conducted an investigation titled “Perceptions of Stakeholders and Challenges Faced by Ecotourism Enterprises in the Bosque de Pómac Historic Sanctuary, Lambayeque, Peru”, which delved into the perceptions and challenges encountered by key stakeholders representing both public and private entities engaged in the protection and management of the sanctuary. Employing an exploratory qualitative methodology centered on semi-structured, in-depth interviews, the research aimed to elucidate the primary drivers and obstacles pertaining to the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability within this context. The findings of the study furnished valuable insights into the sustainability concerns confronting local ecotourism enterprises, thereby providing pragmatic recommendations for bolstering economic viability, fostering social cohesion, and advancing environmental preservation endeavors within analogous ecotourism locales. This study will investigate whether the circumstances observed in the cases under examination align with those documented in the Bosque Pómac Historic Sanctuary case.

Mondino and Beery’s [10] study, titled “Ecotourism as a Learning Tool for Sustainable Development: The Case of Monviso Transboundary Biosphere Reserve, Italy”, investigates the role of ecotourism in advancing sustainable development, specifically within the Monviso Transboundary Biosphere Reserve. Utilizing qualitative methods, such as interviews with local stakeholders, the research explores their perspectives on ecotourism’s potential as an educational mechanism. The primary focus lies in elucidating ecotourism’s capacity to facilitate the integration of conservation efforts with sustainable development initiatives. The study reveals a complex picture: while ecotourism demonstrates promise in fostering collaboration among stakeholders, it encounters significant challenges, notably persistent negative perceptions likely stemming from insufficient environmental education [10]. Consequently, the study underscores the necessity of enhancing environmental literacy programs and strengthening governmental support to optimize ecotourism’s effectiveness as an educational tool. Ecotourism in the Monviso Transboundary Biosphere Reserve serves as a catalyst for stakeholder cooperation, yet confronts perceptual barriers due to inadequate environmental education. This study will examine these findings in relation to the pertinent data collected for the contexts under examination.

3. Methodology

The present study adopted a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection tool. Nineteen informants participated in the interviews, selected through a snowball sampling technique to capture diverse perspectives from stakeholders associated with the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) in Morocco and the Shouf Biosphere Reserve in Lebanon. The snowball sampling method commenced with interviews conducted with key stakeholders identified through established networks. Subsequently, each participant was requested to nominate additional individuals deemed relevant, thus enabling the identification of further participants within the target population.

The semi-structured interviews were designed to elicit comprehensive responses from stakeholders regarding their perceptions, experiences, and perspectives on ecotourism within the biosphere reserves. The questions aimed to probe stakeholders’ comprehension and conceptualization of ecotourism, the extent of its promotion and implementation within the reserves, specific initiatives and strategies employed to bolster ecotourism, and the engagement and cooperation of local communities in ecotourism endeavors. Furthermore, stakeholders were prompted to provide tangible examples of successful ecotourism initiatives, delineate the economic benefits accrued by local communities from ecotourism development, and identify challenges confronting ecotourism within the reserves, along with potential solutions and future prospects.

The data analysis employed Iramuteq⁵ to conduct statistical analyses on text corpora and tables containing individuals/words, with a specific emphasis on the discourse emanating from local actors within biosphere reserves. Employing discourse analysis techniques facilitated the identification of prominent themes, patterns, and perspectives pertaining to ecotourism and environmental concerns in the South Mediterranean region, as gleaned from stakeholders’ testimonies. Guided by the study’s objectives, which sought to elucidate stakeholders’ worldviews and perceptions regarding ecotourism, as well as their awareness of broader environmental issues, the analysis centered on identifying recurrent themes within the discourse. Particularly, the section focusing on the necessity and perception of collaboration within the local community entailed an analysis of the frequency of co-occurrence of specific terms pertinent to ecotourism and biosphere reserves. This analytical approach aimed to elucidate the interrelationships between these terms and to discern salient themes in the discourse of local actors.

A comparative analysis approach was used to juxtapose viewpoints from Lebanon and Morocco, aiming to discern potential cultural variations. The objective of this methodological approach is to identify and scrutinize the cultural determinants that shape perceptions of ecotourism and environmental sustainability within each context. Moreover, qualitative methodologies such as in-depth interviews were employed to delve into individual perspectives, thereby offering insights into the multifaceted interactions among culture, ecotourism, and environmental attitudes.

The study focuses on Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean in Morocco (IBRM). The two biospheres are located in the South Mediterranean region, namely the Northern part of Morocco and Southern Lebanon⁶ (see Figure 2). More details about the two reserves are presented in the data analysis and discussion section. The choice of the two sites is motivated by the intricate richness of their landscapes intertwined with a myriad of cultural systems, rendering them highly attractive destinations within the framework of sustainable tourism practices. Indeed, the two reserves serve as a focal point for cultural tourism, offering authentic experiences in immediate proximity to human settlements and natural environments. IBRM and SBR also align with the prevailing international trends in the countries’ sustainable tourism market.

Figure 2.

Geographical location of IBRM and SBR. a. Source: Elaborated by EL MEJJAD F, 2020. b. Source: Shouf Biosphere Reserve website.

4. Informants’ profiles

This study involved people who are actively involved in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean in Morocco (IBRM). The main objective of the study is to capture diverse perspectives from both Lebanese and Moroccan actors. The informants include ecotourism managers, tour guides, and hostel owners. Due to geographical constraints, online interviews were conducted to ensure the participation of both Lebanese and Moroccan informants. The educational backgrounds of the informants ranged from a Bachelor’s degree to Ph.D. qualifications, which indicates a range of expertise relevant to the focus of the study, involved in managing natural reserves and practicing ecotourism. The study favored the informants with professional experiences within the biosphere reserve and integrated management. Table 1 lists the informants from the two biosphere reserves with some specifications of their profiles.

Informant	BR	Gender	Level of education	Age	Position
1. TA	IBRM	Male	BA	63	ATED Association Pres
2. ALB	IBRM	Male	BA	40	Tour guide
3. ASB	IBRM	Male	Master	27	Tour Guide
4. FH	IBRM	Female	Master	48	Hostel Owner
5. HJ	IBRM	Female	Master	49	Director, Sayida El Hourra
6. AI	IBRM	Male	Doctorate	67	Association president and professor
7. MD	IBRM	Male	Doctorate/Engineer	45	Head of Department (ANEF)
8. SA	IBRM	Female	Doctorate	32	Manager in Tangier-Tétouan Tourism Delegation
9. MA	IBRM	Male	BA	38	Educational Facilitator
10. AK	IBRM	Male	BA	59	Charge the office
11. JM	IBRM	Male	Master	44	Head of Partnership and Animation Department Management (ANEF)
12. OA	SBR	Male	BA in Advertising and Marketing	39	Ecotourism Manager
13. GN	SBR	Male	BA	35	Owner of the project Beil Leila
14. GF	SBR	Male	BA in interior design	34	Owner blate Atiq
15. LS	SBR	Female	BA in political sciences	64	Development Coordinator
16. NH	SBR	Male	PhD in Ethnobotany	46	General Manager SBR
17. JK	SBR	Female	BA in music education	48	Tour Guide
18. CA	SBR	Male	MA in animal science	39	Farm Owner, Maasir Donkey Farm
19. SN	SBR	Female	BA in business Marketing	35	Communication Officer at the Reserve

Table 1.

Informants profiles.

Source: field survey, interviews with IBRM and SBR stakeholders, El Mejjad F, 2021–2023.

5. Data analysis and discussion

To gain deep insight into the topic under investigation and achieve a comprehensive understanding of the matter, the data underwent an initial coding process. This involved a thorough review of the transcripts to identify key patterns and themes before proceeding to analyze and interpret the stakeholders’ testimonies.

The analysis was executed with the research questions outlined in the study, placing particular emphasis on the viewpoints of the stakeholders. A meticulous examination of the coded segments was done to identify the recurring patterns and ensure a precise alignment with the research objectives to capture pertinent insights.

The analysis also involved a comparison of the perspectives reported for IBRM and SBR. The systematic study of the two biospheres stakeholders’ responses highlights the similarities and differences in their testimonies. The analysis focused on underlining the best practices observed in both contexts, emphasizing the successful strategies and identifying the challenges or the practices that require improvement. This comparative analysis helped to gain valuable insights into the distinct dynamics at play in each biosphere, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the focal areas under study. The subsequent subsections present the data analysis.

Drawing upon the researchers’ extensive field experience, intimate familiarity with the study settings, and visits to both contexts, supplemented by data sourced from relevant websites and on-site observations, a comprehensive exposition is offered regarding the distinctive attributes of the two biosphere reserves, complemented by photographic documentation. This information is systematically categorized under the overarching theme titled “IBRM and SBR: Exploring Diverse Ecological Potentials with Ecotourism Value”.

5.1 IBRM and SBR: Exploring diverse ecological potentials with ecotourism value

The geographic expanse encompassed by the two studied reserves boasts a rich array of biological, ecological, and landscape diversities of considerable heritage significance. These features, including landscape characteristics, flora and fauna compositions, and the presence of historical and cultural assets, serve as fundamental pillars for fostering ecotourism initiatives within the two biosphere reserves.

The Shouf Biosphere Reserve, accorded UNESCO designation in 2005, spans an area of 29,540 hectares within Lebanon’s Chouf region. Renowned for its remarkable biodiversity and distinctive landscapes, this reserve constitutes a critical habitat supporting a plethora of plant and animal species. In contrast, the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, established in 2006, encompasses a vast expanse of 1 million hectares. Encompassing territories within the Province of Chefchaouen and various regions within the Wilaya of Tétouan, alongside the Provinces of Fnidek, Fahs-Anjra, and Larache, this expansive reserve epitomizes the diverse ecological and cultural heritage intrinsic to the Mediterranean region. As such, it assumes a pivotal role in both conservation endeavors and the promotion of ecotourism development. In what follows, photos illustrating each biosphere landscape characteristics, flora, and fauna compositions are provided.

The geological landscape of the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) represents a continuation of the intricate Alpine Chain, characterized by picturesque and panoramic geological formations.⁷ The Rif Mountains, within the IBRM, present a distinct landscape featuring an ancient dolomitic-limestone ridge dating back to the Triassic-Lias period. The physical attributes and climatic conditions of the Rif, such as the substantial thickness of carbonate substrates in the ridge, intense tectonic activity, high humidity levels, and dense forest cover, have sculpted a karstic landscape of exceptional beauty, accentuated by awe-inspiring gorges. Notably, locations like Aqchour in the Talassmtane Park feature towering walls flanking deep valleys, offering opportunities for hiking and guided excursions catering to nature and geology enthusiasts. This geological terrain harbors notable caverns and caves conducive to both recreational and scientific spelunking activities.

The vegetation pattern within the IBRM comprises a mosaic primarily dominated by cork oak trees, influenced by the region’s humid climate, and adorned with one of the last remaining fir forests in Africa. The IBRM encapsulates Mediterranean biogeographic zones ranging from humid to semi-arid, fostering a unique flora characterized by rich diversity and significant endemism. Noteworthy among its botanical treasures is the presence of one of Africa’s two remaining fir forests, covering an approximate area of 3000 hectares. This natural legacy has attracted considerable interest from a diverse array of visitors, ranging from enthusiasts to ecotourism specialists. The floral composition within the IBRM exhibits richness and diversity, encompassing approximately 4800 rare species, subspecies, or endemic taxa.

The IBRM territory encompasses ecosystems spanning both continental and littoral/marine realms, leading to the establishment of Natural Parks and Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest, notably the Talassmtane and Bouhachem Parks. The region’s high biodiversity value, coupled with bioclimatic contrasts, has facilitated the development of distinct and diverse fauna populations within the IBRM, as the following photos show (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3.

Significance of biodiversity: excerpts from the Talassmtane eco-museum. Photos taken by Amzil 2020.

Figure 4.

Botanical diversity of IBRM reserve. Source: https://www.clorofila.ma/ and other websites.

The Shouf Biosphere Reserve encompasses approximately 5% of Lebanon’s total land area, extending along the ridge of the western Mount Lebanon chain from Dahr-el Baidar in the north to Jezzine in the south.⁸ Situated between the Bekaa Valley to the east and the Shouf Valley to the west, the reserve comprises various ecologically significant zones, including the Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve, established in 1996. In July 2005, UNESCO designated the Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve as a biosphere reserve, encompassing approximately 50,000 hectares. This designation also includes the Ammiq Wetland, located east of the Shouf in the Beqaa Valley, recognized as a Ramsar site and one of the few remaining wetlands in the Middle East. Additionally, 24 surrounding villages contribute to the biosphere’s cultural and ecological diversity, located on the eastern and western flanks of the Barouk and Niha mountains.

Renowned for its towering mountains, the Shouf Biosphere Reserve is a vital ecosystem that provides crucial environmental services. It boasts the largest stands of Lebanese Cedars globally, celebrated as iconic trees of significant cultural and ecological importance. The reserve’s diverse flora includes numerous medicinal plants with notable economic potential, while its varied wildlife presents opportunities for conservation efforts, particularly through the reintroduction of species such as Ibex, Gazelle, and Vultures. Positioned as a pivotal crossroads for bird migration between Europe, Africa, and West Asia, the reserve plays a pivotal role in avian biodiversity preservation. Encompassing 50,000 hectares, it stands as one of the largest protected areas in the Middle East and East Mediterranean, with its cedar forest alone covering 620 hectares, safeguarding a quarter of Lebanon’s remaining cedar forests. The reserve hosts an impressive botanical diversity, boasting 520 plant species, including 25 internationally and nationally threatened species, along with 48 plants endemic to Lebanon. Furthermore, the reserve supports over 250 bird species, with many reliant on the Ammiq Wetland for habitat within the reserve (Shouf Biosphere Reserve, Lebanon, n.d.). The following photos illustrate the reserve’s flora and wild life (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Vegetal species found in Shouf reserve.

The Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) serves as a crucial refuge for biodiversity and sustains approximately 70,000 residents inhabiting its surrounding areas. The reserve’s territory encompasses 24 distinct municipalities across three districts, with a primary focus on rural development. The local community, predominantly led by women, actively participates in the production of 70 different products using traditional methods. These products, along with their accompanying recipes, are made available for purchase in visitor centers managed by the Reserve, thereby contributing to the economic prosperity of the region. Regarding ecotourism management, the reserve prioritizes interpreter/guiding services, visitor safety measures, organization of ecotourism activities, and provision of guest houses for accommodation. Environmental education initiatives are also emphasized and aimed at fostering awareness about conservation significance and promoting sustainable lifestyles among both visitors and the local community.

The Cedars of Chouf Reserve boasts an impressive array of fauna and flora, including approximately 500 plant species, 200 bird species, and 32 species of wild animals such as wolves, lynxes, gazelles, and hyenas (see Figure 6).

Figure 6.

Natural habitats of Shouf Biosphere Reserve. Source: Shouf Biosphere Reserve website.

5.2 Stakeholders’ perspectives on ecotourism at IBRM and Shouf reserve

One of the key questions addressed during the interview concerned the definition of the term “ecotourism”. The analysis of the data collected from the stakeholders from Morocco and Lebanon showed both similarities and differences. In Morocco, “ecotourism” is viewed as a concept that requires the preservation of nature and heritage. For example, AL. B, a 40-year-old male tour guide in IBRM, stated, “When I hear the term ecotourism, I think of a form of tourism focused on nature preservation and minimizing environmental impact”.

Similarly, FH, a 48-year-old female; hotel owner in Tallasmatan believes in protecting nature and local traditions, while also improving travel experiences. She declared that “Ecotourism brings to mind the preservation of nature and heritage while providing responsible travel experiences”.

The President of Asayida Elhourra in Chefchaouen association (HJ), a 49-year-old female with an MA, discusses the ways to help both the environment and people through projects such as cooperatives. She did not provide any definition of the term, but she directly referred to the initiatives of the association as she understood the meaning of ecotourism. She affirmed

“We work with women on environmental issues and natural resources to generate income that promotes their empowerment. We have created cooperatives focusing on environmental issues. Our main objective is the socio-economic development of women”.

Stakeholders in the IBRM and SBR highlighted the importance of preserving natural landscapes and cultural heritage in ecotourism. Local guides emphasized educating visitors on environmental conservation and cultural authenticity. In contrast, stakeholders in a Peruvian natural area prioritized economic benefits over environmental concerns, viewing ecotourism mainly as an income source. While both regions face challenges with infrastructure and visitor management, the IBRM and SBR stakeholders are concerned about balancing tourism growth with environmental protection; those in Peru struggle with resource scarcity for remote ecotourism sites.

Professor AI, a 67-year-old mathematics professor and president of the “Patrimoine Développement Citoyenneté association in Tetouan, argued that ecotourism does not always have to play a role in the responsibility of the tourism industry. He stressed the fact that there are projects that do not respect nature and involve external investors, which is not considered responsible […] not all ecotourism is responsible […]”.

The above testimonies reveal that ecotourism can have beneficial effects on individuals, nature as well as local communities.

Consistent findings have emerged across studies conducted in diverse ecotourism destinations. Sethy and Senapati’s [28] investigation of the Chilika Lake conservation area in Odisha, India, revealed a spectrum of stakeholder perceptions toward ecotourism, highlighting the necessity to harmonize conservation objectives with socioeconomic development. However, notable distinctions between the two contexts persist, which are largely attributed to the distinct environmental challenges and community dynamics inherent to each locale.

The present study serves as a complementary addition to the existing body of literature, aligning with insights from the IBRM and SBR. It elucidates stakeholders’ perspectives on contemporary ecotourism issues and benefits, emphasizing the pivotal roles of environmental awareness, educational initiatives, and enhanced tourism infrastructure in biodiversity conservation efforts. Furthermore, stakeholders’ willingness to invest in ecotourism development and biodiversity conservation within the Chilika coastal wetland ecosystem of India resonates with the broader objective of promoting sustainable ecotourism practices observed in both the IBRM and SBR.

The findings derived from the Chilika coastal wetland ecosystem in Odisha mirror the collective sentiments of stakeholders in the IBRM and SBR, emphasizing the critical importance of responsible tourism practices aimed at safeguarding environmental integrity and enhancing community welfare.

The statements from stakeholders in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) revealed both shared perspectives and distinctive elements in their understanding of ecotourism within this distinct regional context. In Lebanon, ecotourism is generally perceived as a conscientious form of travel that prioritizes the preservation of both natural landscapes and the cultural heritage of the region.

JK, a 48-year-old female tour guide from Lebanon, aligns with this perspective, asserting that her involvement in this form of tourism is driven by the goal of educating people about the significance of nature preservation and environmental conservation.

The significance of generational experiences in the local environment and the commitment to environmental sustainability is underscored by GN, a 35-year-old proprietor of residence in Maasir Shouf. GN perceives ecotourism as a duty that encapsulates both cultural authenticity and ecological preservation, aligning seamlessly with the overarching objectives of the Shouf Biosphere Reserve. In his words, “Ecotourism, to me, is a responsibility – a commitment to environmental sustainability and preserving our cultural authenticity […]”.

The Shouf Biosphere Reserve’s General Manager, NH, 46-year-old male General Manager of SBR with a Ph.D. in Ethnobotany presents a complete definition of ecotourism. He identifies three essential components: “supporting protected areas through fees, helping local communities to enhance their income, and raising awareness among visitors about nature, biodiversity, and protected areas”.

The interpretations provided by Lebanese stakeholders underscore a commitment to environmental sustainability and cultural authenticity, emphasizing a distinctive focus on the symbiosis between tourism and nature. The interconnection among stakeholders from both biosphere reserves reveals a shared definition of ecotourism as a responsible practice dedicated to the preservation of both natural ecosystems and cultural heritage. Lebanese stakeholders, in particular, stress the socioeconomic dimensions of ecotourism, indicative of a more comprehensive approach to community development. A Word cloud was generated using a free online word cloud generator to sort out the most recurrent terms used in the definition of the term “ecotourism”. The figure is presented below.

The viewpoints expressed by stakeholders in both the SBR and the IBRM align with the conceptualization of ecotourism delineated by Selkani [26]. According to Selkani, ecotourism is characterized as a paradigm emphasizing the dual objectives of preserving natural environments and cultural heritage, and concurrently advocating for conscientious and sustainable travel practices.

The depicted figure encompasses all lexical items employed by the informants in articulating the concept of “ecotourism”. The font size and spatial arrangement of each term within the figure serve to visually convey its recurrence in the narratives. A lexicometric tool, this diagram systematically represents the frequencies of lexical forms by correlating them with their size, specifically for the terms “ecotourism”, “IBRM”, “SBR”, and “environment” (refer to Figure 7). Notably, the word cloud illuminates additional semantically associated terms such as “initiative”, “local”, “biosphere”, and “development”, offering a comprehensive linguistic snapshot of the informants’ perspectives.

Figure 7.

Word cloud showing the stakeholders’ views about ecotourism in BRs. Figure Designed by F. Elmejjad 2023.

The following section presents and discusses the stakeholders “roles and initiatives for the promotion of ecotourism in IBRM and SBR”.

5.3 Local stakeholders’ roles and initiatives in the promotion of ecotourism at IBRM and Shouf reserve

One of the key questions directed toward stakeholders during the interviews pertained to their respective roles and initiatives in fostering ecotourism within the biospheres under investigation. The Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) emerges as a propitious terrain for tourism, accentuating ecological affluence and catalyzing a socioeconomic dynamism in the region, as elucidated by Abdul Malak et al. [30]. Within this context, tourists are presented with an array of tourist circuits, offering a nuanced exploration of the local culture. The IBRM holds the inherent potential to champion environmental sustainability, ecotourism, and programs that could yield dividends for the inhabitants of the IBRM territory, concurrently contributing to the socioeconomic advancement of rural communities, as posited by Boushaba [31].

An analysis of the initiatives spearheaded by the ATED association and ANEF (l’Agence Nationale des Eaux et Forêts) illuminates their pivotal role in enhancing the local economy and fortifying the tourism infrastructure within the region. The president of the ATED association, AT, 63 years old with a BA underscores the organization’s proactive initiatives, encompassing the establishment of accommodations, the creation of designated circuits, and educational endeavors. He elucidates:

“We’ve also been working on setting up tourist circuits, with an emphasis on signage. In addition, we are focusing on training in the management of rural houses and cottages covering areas such as communication, reception, gastronomy, and administrative and financial management”.

Similarly, JM, a 44-year-old male engineer affiliated with ANEF, underscores collaborative efforts with GIZ to advance ecotourism-related initiatives. These efforts include the establishment of tourism cooperatives and the restoration of lodges, aligning with the broader goal of fostering the economic growth of the region. Both entities express a shared commitment to ecotourism, emphasizing environmental stewardship and fostering economic development within local communities.

The participants’ testimonies collectively underscore a dedicated commitment to the progression of ecotourism, with active involvement from stakeholders, including government representatives. However, AI, a 67-year-old professor and president of an association, introduces a nuanced perspective, highlighting that while existing initiatives are noteworthy, their scope remains limited compared to the vastness of the territory.

This testimonial indicates that despite the limited direct ecotourism initiatives, stakeholders in the IBRM diligently focus on ecological preservation and biodiversity, indirectly aligning with the fundamental tenets of ecotourism. Additionally, biosphere reserve stakeholders initiate comprehensive endeavors linked to conservation, diversity, the promotion of ecotourism, and economic and social development. Their collaborative efforts with international partners, coordination strategies, and encouragement of local community involvement stand as a testament to their commitment. The IBRM also implements educational programs, guided eco-friendly tours, and partnerships with local communities to ensure the enduring sustainability of the territory.

Stakeholders within the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) purport to embrace diverse strategies for the development of ecotourism, encompassing conservation, education, collaboration with international investors, and community engagement. Despite these aspirations, the actualization of projects encounters substantial challenges, marked by coordination issues, a lack of awareness, and inadequate communication among the local populace. Notably, the collaborative ethos among local stakeholders within the IBRM remains relatively sporadic, primarily in response to specific projects that bring stakeholders together. The absence of a consistently proactive approach, where stakeholders actively initiate contact and propose joint ventures, impedes the establishment of a robust collaborative network, as underscored by MD, a 45-year-old male engineer affiliated with ANEF and the coordinator of IBRM.

Within the context of Morocco’s biosphere reserves (BRs), some participants expressed apprehension regarding the limited communication surrounding these sites. The dearth of communication channels and the inadequate dissemination of pertinent information contribute to a diminished promotion of the significance of ecotourism. The lack of a systematic communication strategy not only restricts public awareness of the ecotourism concept but also diminishes the influx of visitors to these areas. According to AB, a 27-year-old male tour guide, affirmed that “Sometimes, while certain associations undertake environmental awareness efforts to protect resources, their endeavors alone prove insufficient”.

Throughout the interviews, stakeholders within the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) expounded on a myriad of actions and activities they have undertaken. These include the completion of comprehensive studies delving into the cultural, natural, and heritage potential of the region. Notably, they have identified ecotourism circuits, laying the groundwork for the future Bouhachem Natural Park, Tallasmtane National Park, and the prospective Jbel Moussa Park. The clarity and tangible evidence of these efforts are underscored by the meticulous identification of these circuits.

While numerous initiatives have been proposed under the umbrella of ecotourism in the IBRM, some have already been set in motion. Certain associations have proactively devised and implemented thematic routes designed to captivate tourists. The concerted support from international cooperation agencies has bolstered endeavors aimed at enhancing the overall quality of the tourist experience. Specific instances, such as the ecotourism cooperatives and accommodations in Moulay Abdessellam within the Bouhachem region, serve as exemplars of successful initiatives that have contributed to the enhancement of the natural, cultural, historical, and spiritual heritage of Bouhachem. These ecotourism activities seamlessly integrate accommodation, catering, hiking, and animated outings, all facilitated by local guides. This example illuminates the multifaceted dimensions of both the natural and cultural heritage intrinsic to the region.

An illustrative instance of an ongoing initiative is the collaborative program with GIZ, the German International Development Cooperation Agency, presently progressing into its second phase. This program is specifically designed to fortify ecotourism activities and support cooperatives, facilitating their transition into more professionally run entities. This underscores the local agency’s unwavering dedication to fostering the ecological development of the region and leveraging its natural and cultural potential to the fullest. Despite these commendable efforts, the tourism sector has yet to reach a level where it can generate substantial economic benefits. While certain activities such as accommodation, catering, guided tours, hiking, kayaking, and mountain biking are already underway, there is a need for further development and organization within the industry to maximize its potential. Additionally, the ongoing biosphere reserve project is positioned as a viable alternative to combat cannabis monoculture in the Moroccan area, as noted by scholars [32].

Stakeholders associated with the Shouf reserve accentuated their commitment to promoting sustainable tourism practices through initiatives such as training sessions for visitors, particularly focused on the preservation of the cedar forest. General Manager, NH, a 46-year-old male, General Manager SBR, introduced innovative programs like the adoption of cedar trees, allowing individuals to adopt a tree with a personalized sign indicating the adopter’s name, along with certification and a 10-year membership card for free visits to the reserve. Moreover, extensive training sessions for cedar tree preservation have been instituted in the Shouf Biosphere Reserve, contributing significantly to the advocacy of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism Manager, OA, a 39-year-old male Ecotourism Manager, emphasized the cultural practices within the biosphere reserve, including beekeeping and sustainable agriculture, aligning with the dual objectives of providing unique experiences and educational opportunities. The reserve actively welcomes visitors from various regions to explore its ancient trails, fostering mutual benefits for both visitors and the Shouf Biosphere Reserve community.

Furthermore, NH, A 46-year-old male, General Manager SBR elucidates diverse strategies employed for marketing ecotourism, encompassing both online and traditional channels. The array of strategies includes online advertising through social media platforms, websites, and electronic media, alongside traditional methods such as television, radio, conferences, meetings, and newspapers. To enhance the biosphere reserve’s visibility and attract visitors, NH underscores the importance of organizing diverse programs, events, and festivals.

JK, a 48-year-old female tour guide, provides valuable insights into the ecotourism initiatives within the Shouf Biosphere Reserve. Notably, several training sessions have been conducted, specifically focusing on forest soil preservation, contributing to the promotion of sustainable tourism. The reserve has a well-defined environmental conservation plan, led by a dedicated team committed to preserving sustainable tourism. In Beirut, despite the various environmental challenges, residents actively strive to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

While both SBR and IBRM share a commitment to environmental conservation, SBR’s initiatives place a distinct emphasis on cultural experiences and community engagement in specific activities within the reserve. In contrast, IBRM adopts a broader approach, addressing legal matters, fostering collaborations with external entities, and prioritizing economic assistance for local communities.

5.4 Necessity and perception of collaboration within the local community

The importance of collaboration between actors has been highlighted by all stakeholders in both IIBRM and the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR). Indeed, local communities play a crucial role in the development and continuity of ecotourism within biosphere reserves. A complex interplay of challenges and successes is revealed through the varied perspectives of professionals, educators, and local communities. The maintenance of sites of ecotourism interest, the sustainability of traditional practices and know-how as well as the promotion and reception on site, are the basis of the intervention of grassroots communities. Thus, the co-management and protection of landscape and heritage resources must be shared between reserve managers and the local community. There seems to be a positive development in community involvement, with an increase in interest in ecotourism initiatives and the achievement of economic advantages.

However, the perception of the actors interviewed regarding the role of the local community is different for the two biosphere reserves. While the local community in the IBRM-Morocco fears the control over the resources of the reserve, its role in the development of ecotourism is limited, “the sustainability and success of the projects depends on the awareness and involvement of the local communities and international cooperation rather than exclusive action by the State” (interview AI, a 67-year-old male professor expert and associative actor). The involvement of the local community is the only subject of discourse by managers of the IBRM without real participation in decision-making around development actions and the promotion of ecotourism. One of the informants, MD, a 45-year-old male from the National Agency for Water and Forests, declared:

“I would say that there is sometimes personal involvement with initiatives of NGO and cooperatives…some people organize hikes, visits, excursions, also the provision of tourist accommodation…there is a certain collaboration with administrations in particular National Agency for Water and Forests…however, I think we can do better. There are more opportunities to explore and promote in the field of ecotourism”.

Moreover, in the IBRM, there are some exceptions to the commitment of the local community. The President of ATED association, TA, a 63-year-old male, discusses a substantial shift in the local community engagement in ecotourism since the 2000s. Residents are actively participating through heightened awareness and demonstration efforts, which is evident in the increased requests for lodging projects. Furthermore, local community involvement exhibits positive evolution, with a growing interest in promotional activities and collaborative programs with both local and international partners, as reported by JM, a 44-year-old male, Head of Partnerships and Activities at ANEF.

On the other hand, the Shouf Biosphere Reserve is a case in point, where local actors have collaborated and supported each other to achieve economic growth and maintain cultural and environmental authenticity. Stakeholders’ testimonies from the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) unveil a synergistic collaboration between ecological preservation and community engagement, shaping the framework for sustainable ecotourism. The owner of houses in Maasir Shouf, GF, a 34-year-old male, explains how local communities play an active role in showcasing agriculture. Local guesthouses in the Shouf Biosphere collaborate with farmers, establishing a network that mutually benefits from the existence of the biosphere reserve. This collaborative model has developed over the years.

The engagement of local actors in both the IIBRM and Shouf Biosphere Reserve signifies a gradual shift toward community-centered ecotourism. Testimonies from various stakeholders emphasize the pivotal role of local communities in shaping these initiatives, reflecting an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness between ecological preservation and community well-being. The long-term success and sustainability of ecotourism in these biospheres hinge upon the support of this collaborative approach.

Figure 8 illustrates the frequency of co-occurrence of specific terms, with thicker lines indicating a higher frequency of co-occurrence. Notably, the terms “Local” and “communities” exhibit a strong connection with the term ecotourism, occurring 95 times. Also, the relationship between “Ecotourism” and “biosphere” is comparatively strong, with 88 occurrences. This visual representation serves to elucidate the relationships between these terms, emphasizing “Local community” as a central term and delineating varying strengths in connections with other terms in the analysis of actors’ discourses.

Figure 8.

Similarity analysis of local communities in BRs. Source: Field survey, interviews with IBRM and SBR stakeholders, El Mejjad F, 2021–2023.

5.5 Ecotourism in IBRM and Shouf reserve: Strengths and weaknesses of the strategies adopted

Based on the analysis and interpretation of stakeholders’ testimonies in both biospheres, a comparative approach was conducted to evaluate the situations in these areas. The analysis brought to light the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies employed. According to the perspectives of Moroccan stakeholders, the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) boasts notable strengths, including its proximity to the European continent [33] and the active involvement of international non-governmental organizations. This involvement has significantly contributed to the implementation of various development projects in recent years, such as the establishment and enhancement of lodges, improvement of infrastructure, initiation of businesses and cooperatives, and the exploration of potential resources through ecotourism.

However, it is essential to acknowledge that the promotion of the IBRM is considerably limited, lacking actions to enhance the visibility of the territory through the implementation of a territorial mark in signage or initiatives. Such measures could prove instrumental in conserving and elevating the shared natural and cultural resources, fostering economic and sustainable development for the local inhabitants.

In contrast to the situation in the Moroccan Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM), Lebanese stakeholders are actively engaged in the promotion and development of the biosphere reserve in Lebanon. Participants emphasized the crucial roles played by a multitude of local, national, and international stakeholders, acting as supporters, partners, contractors, beneficiaries, and providers of technical and financial assistance in the development of the Shouf Biosphere Reserve.

Mondino and Beery’s [10] examination of ecotourism within the Monviso Transboundary Biosphere Reserve in Italy reveals a significant divergence in stakeholders’ collaboration levels when compared with the IIBRM Biosphere Reserve in Morocco. Their findings indicate a constructive trend of stakeholder collaboration in the Monviso Transboundary Biosphere Reserve, akin to observations in Lebanon. In contrast, within the IBRM Biosphere Reserve, the study underscores a deficiency in collaborative endeavors among stakeholders.

While Lebanon demonstrates a proactive approach to environmental education, the situations observed in Morocco and Italy underscore the pressing need for enhanced educational initiatives. These efforts are crucial for bridging knowledge gaps and fostering meaningful stakeholder engagement in ecotourism endeavors geared toward sustainable development. Azzam [27] goes further and highlights the need for policy interventions to support decision-makers in managing biosphere reserves in Shouf, Lebanon. The study underscores the necessity for an integrated management model incorporating spatial planning principles to address challenges faced by protected areas like the SBR. Azzam [27] argues that the integration of spatial planning perspectives could improve biosphere reserve management and governance as well as the planning modalities essential for effective management of biosphere reserves like the Shouf BR in Lebanon.

The collaborative efforts extend to the entire community, encompassing women, men, youth, students, local authorities, local partners, agricultural cooperatives, and women groups, as articulated by NH, 46-year-old male General Manager: “Our program involves everyone”. Despite the challenges posed by the political events causing destruction in Lebanon and a significant reduction in the number of visitors to the SBR, the reserve has achieved a positive impact on socioeconomic and conservation fronts.

The substantial role of women within the Shouf Biosphere Reserve was highlighted by participants, emphasizing their involvement in cultural practices and the agricultural sector. The Ecotourism Manager, OA, 39-year-old, acknowledged their diverse roles, including farming, beekeeping, guesthouse ownership, handicraft production, traditional food manufacturing, leadership and membership in agricultural cooperatives and associations, as well as engagement in various professions. The president of the association, Assayida El Hourra, HJ, a 49-year-old male, underscored the crucial role of women in promoting cultural development, preserving traditions, and contributing to the natural product landscape in both the Shouf Reserve and IBRM. Stakeholders in Shouf Reserve expressed a commitment to friendly management practices integrated into the existing community on the reserve, further emphasizing practices and policies that promote the full participation of local communities and empower women.

The analysis reveals that local actors in Lebanon embody a harmonious blend of elements contributing to sustainable development within the biosphere reserve territory. This combination notably involves economic development achieved through the promotion of local and specialized products, goods, and services, coupled with the sustainable management of natural resources and biodiversity. The Shouf Biosphere Reserve, in particular, benefits from the active involvement of numerous associations and organizations, consistently engaging in activities that stimulate social and productive actions to elevate the level of socioeconomic development.

Significantly, the Shouf reserve management team comprises exclusively of staff members who are residents of the Shouf region. This intentional composition is aimed at fostering a deeper connection with the local community and, consequently, contributing to the overall development of this biosphere.

5.6 Future prospects and opportunities

The exploration of future prospects and opportunities for the two biosphere reserves, SBR and IBRM, reveals their distinctive potential, encompassing rich historical, cultural, and spiritual heritage coupled with exceptional geographical locations. Both initiatives share the overarching goal of environmental preservation and the promotion of biodiversity value.

In the context of IBRM, stakeholders identify ongoing programs, notably the second phase of the collaboration with GIZ, aimed at enhancing ecotourism activities and supporting cooperatives committed to the ecological development of the region. These endeavors leverage the natural and cultural potential of the area, emphasizing sustainability in the ecotourism industry.

IBRM’s future plans involve a strategic focus on local collaborations, engagement with the Spanish network, development of tourist circuits, promotion of local products, and the pursuit of labels to increase visibility. This multifaceted approach aims not only to attract tourists but also to ensure sustainable and locally beneficial practices within the ecotourism sector.

The IBRM region, with its significant potential for ecotourism, manifests a commitment to ongoing programs and strategic initiatives. However, existing challenges necessitate proactive efforts to strengthen collaboration among stakeholders. The outlined perspectives and strategies propose an approach emphasizing local cooperation and international networking for the successful development of ecotourism in IBRM.

Shouf Biosphere Reserve envisions a future for ecotourism centered on encouraging visitors to actively participate in the preservation of trees and animals. JK, a 48-year-old female tour guide, emphasized the desire for people to engage in this form of tourism for its perceived health benefits and ecological importance. The aim is for Shouf Biosphere Reserve to become a pioneering biosphere reserve in the Mediterranean, implementing a balance between nature conservation, social well-being, and economic activities in the surrounding area.

Stakeholders at Shouf reserve note a gradual increase in foreign visitors, particularly during the spring period. Efforts are being made to maintain the reserve’s condition and benefit to local residents. SN, a 35-year-old female Communication Coordinator at Shouf biosphere reserve, emphasizes the successful future of ecotourism, attributing it to a growing interest in experiences beyond simple visits.

Public sector stakeholders and local NGOs in both Shouf reserve and IBRM are actively contributing to the socioeconomic development of local populations. They promote economic sectors, employ new communication strategies, and support local cooperatives, emphasizing activities like beekeeping and the valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants. Sensitization efforts in Shouf Reserve play a crucial role in encouraging public involvement in the planning and decision-making process. Similar contributions are observed in IBRM, highlighting a shared commitment to socioeconomic development through strategic initiatives.

6. Conclusion

The objective of this study was to investigate stakeholders’ perspectives on ecotourism in biosphere reserves in Morocco and Lebanon, with a specific focus on Shouf Biosphere Reserve in Lebanon and Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean in Morocco (IBRM). The study aimed to unveil stakeholders’ understanding of environmental issues and the development of ecotourism activities, along with the implementation of ecotourism to foster economic development in the respective territories. Additionally, it sought to identify the roles played by stakeholders in the two biospheres, examining both strengths and weaknesses.

Data analysis revealed that IBRM holds significant ecotourism potential owing to its rich landscape and traditional use of natural resources. Challenges such as limited accommodations, weak coordination among stakeholders, and a need for increased public awareness were identified. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist for improvement through collaboration with international non-governmental organizations and the implementation of specific projects to enhance tourist attractions.

IBRM faces difficulties due to its vast territory and limited accommodations, with threats posed by weak coordination of ecotouristic initiatives and monoculture. However, proximity to the European continent and the involvement of international organizations present opportunities that should be capitalized upon.

In contrast, Shouf Biosphere Reserve in Lebanon exhibits a clearer institutional structure and better coordination of ecotouristic initiatives. The utilization of media for promoting public awareness and strong stakeholder engagement contributes positively to sustainable agriculture and the creation of new circuits. Additionally, Shouf reserve has the potential to develop new services for visitors.

In sum, both biosphere reserves face challenges, yet they possess inherent strengths and opportunities for improvement. While both reserves encounter management challenges, issues related to public awareness, and stakeholder engagement, the SBR exhibits more effective management practices and higher levels of public awareness compared to the IBRM. Collaborative endeavors, educational outreach programs, and diversification of sustainable agricultural practices emerge as potential strategies to address these challenges and enhance the sustainability of both reserves.

Recognizing these aspects and learning from stakeholders’ perspectives can guide future policies, strategies, and initiatives to further enhance the development and promotion of ecotourism in these regions. Despite limitations related to the number of informants, this study serves as a foundational exploration of ecotourism development in Morocco and Lebanon, urging ongoing efforts to address identified weaknesses and maximize existing strengths. Further research should delve into the roles of investors, NGOs, and associations in shaping and impacting ecotourism within biosphere reserves.

Other researchers [26, 28, 29] provide invaluable insights and strategies that could enrich the development of ecotourism within biosphere reserves, particularly in the contexts of IBRM and SBR. A comprehensive approach to ecotourism development in these reserves is essential, encompassing awareness campaigns, educational initiatives, habitat conservation efforts, and the enhancement of local products and services. Effective promotion of these reserves at both national and international levels necessitates the implementation of efficient and robust communication strategies and the establishment of partnerships with universities and communication experts. By adopting these measures, biosphere reserves can not only attract environmentally conscious tourists but also serve as pivotal hubs for environmental education and research, thereby significantly contributing to the sustainable development of these invaluable ecosystems.

Furthermore, it is imperative to underscore the critical role of environmental education and stakeholder coordination in the ongoing management and promotion of biosphere reserves. Biosphere reserves can play a crucial role in advancing sustainability and stewardship by integrating environmental education into school curricula and fostering collaboration among government agencies, local communities, and non-profit organizations. This collaborative endeavor not only enhances the visitor experience but also ensures the long-term preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services within these protected areas.

The present study represents a modest addition to the scholarly discourse concerning biosphere reserves and ecotourism in the South Mediterranean region, with particular emphasis on Morocco and Lebanon. Further research endeavors are warranted to explore additional facets pertinent to this subject matter. Of particular significance is the examination of local communities’ perspectives, given their direct involvement in ecotourism initiatives. Additionally, a comparative analysis of stakeholders’ viewpoints in the North Mediterranean region, encompassing both the Northern segment of the IBRM and its Southern counterpart, holds considerable relevance.

Investigating topics such as biosphere reserve management, collaboration among various stakeholders, communication strategies, and public perceptions of biosphere reserves and ecotourism in these two countries would provide valuable insights. These areas merit comprehensive examination to better understand the complexities surrounding biosphere reserve governance and to identify opportunities for enhancing collaboration and communication within the ecotourism sector.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the administrative team of Shouf Biosphere Reserve, participants from SBR, and all the institutions involved in the management of the IBRM for providing the needed information and documentation that was of great help for the elaboration of the study. Also, the authors would like to express their appreciation for the EduBioMed project and their support in strengthening, improving, and enhancing academic activity.

Additional information

This chapter is a results of research within the framework of the ERASMUS-EDUBIOMED project.