Abstract
Microbial resistance has turned into a global issue due to the ineffectiveness of currently available antimicrobial medicines. In the realm of medicinal chemistry, furan derivatives have taken on a special position. An essential synthetic technique in the search for new drugs is the inclusion of the furan nucleus. Due to the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of furan-related medicines, medicinal chemists have been inspired to create numerous innovative antibacterial agents. Due to the numerous methods by which furans derivatives can be made as well as their numerous structural reactions, the field of organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry offers a wide range of prospects. To combat the enduring issue of microbial resistance, the crucial facts presented in this chapter may aid in the creation of more effective and secure antimicrobial agents.
Keywords
- furan
- furan derivatives
- antibacterial activity
- gram-positive bacteria
- gram-negative bacteria
1. Introduction
Antimicrobial drugs are one of the most powerful tools in the fight against bacterial strain-caused infection. There is an urgent need to find new antimicrobial compounds to treat multi-resistant illnesses with distinct mechanisms of action, as evidenced by the rise in drug resistance to clinically utilized anti-infectives. Furan-containing compounds exhibit a wide range of advantageous biological and pharmacological characteristics, and as a result, they have been employed as medicines in a number of distinct disease areas [1].
The Latin word
Furan has a variety of therapeutic advantages, such as anti-ulcer [3], diuretic [4], muscle relaxant [5], anti-protozoal [6], antibacterial or antifungal or antiviral [7, 8], anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, anti-anxiolytic, anti-parkinsonian, anti-glaucoma, antihypertensive, anti-aging and anticancer (Figure 2) [9].
Several market drugs, such as morphine, citalopram, ramelteon, amiodarone and darifenacin, contain benzofuran or a dihydrobenzofuran moiety (Figure 3).
2. Literature reports on recent developments in furan derivatives syntheses and their antibacterial efficacy
In 2020, Altintop et al. designed and synthesized a new series of ten 4-[2-((5-Arylfuran-2-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl]benzonitrile derivatives
According to their bioassay results, the antifungal effects of the compounds were more significant than their antibacterial effects. Compound
In the year 2020, Hassan and team designed and synthesized a series of thirteen nitrofurantoin analogues containing furan and pyrazole scaffolds as N-aryl-3-(arylamino)-5-(((5-substituted furan-2-yl)methylene)amino)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (
All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against gram-negative bacteria
The results showed that four compounds (
In the year 2021, Dallavalle et al. designed and synthesized stilbenoid dehydro-δ-viniferin analogues and isosteres, which were evaluated for antibacterial activity against
By reacting 4-bromo-2-iodophenol (
The desired benzofuran
They further continued their work with intermediate
To get the desired compound
Another synthetic route started with 2-iodo-4-methylphenol (
Demethylation of compound
The alkyne
Finally, Pd/C catalyzed hydrogenation of dehydro-δ-viniferin
The model compound
In the year 2021, Oliveira and colleagues synthesized eighteen arylfuran derivatives and tested their anti-bacterial efficacy against
Morpholine (
The reaction of arylfuran
The
In the year 2022, Almasirad et al. designed and synthesized twenty-five new 2-(5-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)thiazolidin-4-one derivatives bearing an aryl or heteroaryl methylene group on position 5 of thiazolidinone and evaluated their anti-microbial activity against
They started a reaction with commercially available 5-nitrofuran-2-carbaldehyde
The findings of the MIC testing revealed that most compounds had more potent antimicrobial effects against
In the same year, Latha et al. focused on the synthesis of naphthofuran derivatives
The synthesized naphthofuran derivatives
Benfodda and team, synthesized three furan derivatives
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, the goal of this chapter was to highlight a few attractive synthetic techniques for furan derivatives that have recently been shown to have potent antibacterial properties. The many synthetic methods discussed in this chapter will motivate researchers to devise, design, and synthesize a large variety of novel compounds using the furan moiety as a useful framework to create efficient and less harmful next-generation antimicrobial drug systems. The purpose of this chapter is to pique the interest of the synthetic and medicinal chemistry communities in the quest for much-needed drugs that use the potentially bioactive furan as a building block.
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