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It is well established that light is the fastest information carrier in nature. However, controlling light for localized application is very difficult. Thus, manipulation of light velocity becomes a crucial task in optical and quantum information processing (Nielsen & Chuang, 2000). Recently light localization using EIT has been demonstrated for stationary light (Bajcsy et al., 2003). Stationary light gives novel effects to nonlinear quantum optics in the context of lengthening light-matter interaction time. Compared with ultraslow light, where the medium’s length is a limiting factor, stationary light is free from spatial constraint. For example, the interaction time using ultraslow light in a semiconductor quantum dot, whose spatial dimension is less than a few tens of nanometers, is much less than nanosecond. By using a stationary light technique, however, we can enormously increase the interaction time of the light with such a nano optical medium. In this chapter, we discuss stationary light based on the EIT-induced ultraslow light phenomenon. We theoretically investigate how to dynamically manipulate multicolor (MC) stationary light in the multi double lambda-type system by simply changing the parameters of control fields, and demonstrate ultralong trapping of light, which is different from the conventional quantum mapping phenomenon. Quantum coherent control of the stationary light has potential applications to various quantum optical processing such as quantum nondemolition measurement and quantum wavelength conversion.
This chapter is organized as follows. In section 2, quantum coherent control of two-color stationary light is described. In section 3, quantum manipulation of MC stationary light is presented. In section 4, we give the results of MC stationary light, with discussions. Finally, section 5 offers conclusions.
In this section, we present dynamic control of two-color stationary light in a double-lambda type four-level system using EIT. Figure 1 shows the energy level diagram. We assume that initially one weak probe quantum field E+ which couples the transition |1> |3> enters the medium in a forward propagation direction k+, where all the atoms are in the ground state |1>. Under the influence of classical control field , which is resonant with the transition |2> |3> and propagates in the same direction , the probe field propagates at an ultraslow group velocity. After the probe pulse enters the medium completely, we adiabatically switch on the second control field , which is resonant with the transition |2> |4> and propagates in the backward direction . The probe pulse will be almost stationary if the stationary light condition is satisfied. The propagation direction kof the field E- is determined by phase matching with the Bragg condition: k= k+ +. Here and are the Rabi frequencies of two control fields. Below we will study the evolution of the stationary light when (1) is switched off after a certain time while keeping the control filed on, and (2) is switched off after a certain time while keeping the control filed on (see Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Energy level diagram for two-color stationary light.
For theoretical analytical purposes, we introduce a quantum fieldEσ=ℏωσ/(2ε0V)Aσe−iωσ(t−σz/c)+H.C., where σ=+/− stands for forward/backward field, respectively, which is traveling in a z direction. Aσis the slowly varying field operator, ℏis the Planck’s constant, and ε0 is the electric permittivity. We assume that the quantization volume V is 1. Under the rotating-wave approximation, we obtain the following Hamiltonian for the quantum fields and atoms in the interaction picture:
where Pnmj=(Pmnj)+are the atomic operators, gσ=℘σωσ/(2εoℏV)is the coupling constant of photons with atoms, ℘is the dipole moment for each transition, and ϕσ=± are the phases of the control fields, ω+=ω31andω−=ω41. Using Hamiltonian (1) and adding the decay constantsγ3, γ4, and γ2for the atomic transitions |1> |3>, |1> |4> and |1> |2>, we derive equations for the field Aσ and atomic operatorsPmnj.
Under the typical adiabatic condition for the slow light propagations (Fleischhauer & Lukin, 2000, Zibrov et al., 2002), we introduce new field operators Ψ=e−i(ϕσ+σω21z/c)NgσAσ/Ωσ(N is atomic density). Due to a weak field Eσ=± under the slow-light propagationvg≅cΩ+2/Ng+2c, we ignore the atomic population on the excited levels |3> and |4> and assume slowly varying amplitudes of the laser fields. Then we can obtain the following coupled wave equations for the new field operators:
where ξσ=Ngσ2/cγ are the absorption coefficients, ασ=Ωσ2/[γγ2+ΩΣ2], ΩΣ2=Ω+2+Ω−2, τ=∫−∞tdt'[γγ2+ΩΣ2]/(g+2N)is a new time scale, andγ2'=Ng+2[γγ2+ΩΣ2]−1γ2.
Figure 2.
Temporal scheme of the switching sequence of the two control fields. (a) is turned off at t=t2, (b) is turned off at t=t2.
Using spatial Fourier transformationΨσ(τ,z)=∫−∞∞dkeikzΨ˜σ(τ,k), we can find the following analytical solutions of Eqs. (2) and (3):
whereΨ˜−(τo,k)=f˜−+(k)Ψ˜+(τo,k), f˜−+(k)=(1+ik/ξ+)/(1−ik/ξ−), η=(ΩΣ2+γγ2)ΩΣ−2andα˜=α+−(g−/g+)2α−. The functions Ψ˜+,−(τo,z)are determined by the initial conditions for the field A+,−which enters the medium (Ω−(tt1)=0). From Eq. (4) we obtain the coupled fields Ψ+(t,z') andΨ−(t,z) expressed by nonlocal spatial relations:
where fσ(z−z')=ξσ(1+ξσξσ')η(z'−z)e−ξσ(z'−z)−ξσξσ'δ(z−z') (σ=±1,σ'=∓1, η(x≥0)=1,η(x0)=0and ε is a small valueε→0). Eq. (6) points out that spatial quantum correlations between the fields Ψ+(t,z)and Ψ−(t,z')spread out within the spatial sizeξσ−1. This means that the fields Ψ+(t,z')and Ψ−(t,z) can be quantum copies of each other if the spatial size l of Ψ±(t,z') is larger thanξσ−1. Therefore the spatial correlations of quantum fields E+ and E- can be determined by Eq. (6).
Now we study temporal dynamics of the two-color coupled fields. Initially the control field + (-=0) is turn on and a probe pulse A+ with a Gaussian shape (A+(t,z=0)=A+,oexp{−t2/(2T2)}, A+,oand T are the amplitude and temporal duration of the field) enters the medium. The solution of Eq. (4) describes the propagation of the fieldΨ+, that is,A+=(g+2N)−1/2Ω+Ψ+ei(ϕ++ω21z/c) with an ultraslow group velocityvg≅cΩ+2(0)/Ng+2c, and the initial spatial size lo=vgT with an amplitude decay in accordance withexp{−ηγ2t}. Thus, due to the EIT effect, the field A+ is transparent to the optically dense medium (ξ+,−lo1). At timet=t1, we turn on the backward control fieldΩ−. Using the dispersion relationω(k) in Eq. (5), we obtain the group velocity for the interacting fields A+and
From Eq. (7), the stationary light condition (v=0) can be derived:
Ω+/g+=Ω−/g−E9
Thus the group velocity of the coupled light can be easily controlled by manipulating the control field Rabi frequencies. If the stationary light condition is satisfied, the two coupled lights can be completely stopped. Ignoring small terms proportional to ck3/ξ−2 in Eq. (5), we find the approximate solution of the integral (Eq. (4)) for arbitrarily varying amplitudes of the control laser fields:
and zo=(ξ−ξ+)−1(ξ++ξ−) is a spatial shift of A−with respect to the envelope A+ (
zoloE13
).
2.2. Numerical simulations and discussions
Here we numerically demonstrate quantum manipulation of a traveling light pulse for the two-color stationary light by solving Eqs. (2) and (3). For simplicity we ignore the weak decay rate γ2 between the two ground states |1> and |2>, and assume small level splittingω21 to ignore the phase mismatch between the fields Ψ+ andΨ−. When the backward control field is turned off (Ω−=0), Eqs. (2) and (3) satisfy slow-light wave equations (Hau et al., 1999, Turukhin et al., 2002). We note that Eqs. (2) and (3) coincide with the standing single-frequency light based on a standing wave grating in a three-level system if g+=g− with Doppler broadening (Bajcsy et al., 2003). It should be noted that Eqs. (2) and (3) show general coupled equations of standing lights whether the optical dense medium is Doppler broadened or not. Att=t1, both control fields Ω+ andΩ− are turned on. The coupled quantum fields Aσare therefore generated and they propagate and evolve together in the medium. If the stationary light condition g+/g−=Ω+/Ω−=1is satisfied, the coupled fields Aσ should be standing still with nearly the same amplitude until one control field is turned off. This condition corresponds to the appearance of the so-called dark state in the double- system (Korsunsky & Kosachiov, 1999), which can also dramatically change the interaction of the copropagating light fields.
Compared with the standing-wave grating case (Bajcsy et al., 2003, Andre et al., 2005), the group velocity v=cM1(ΩΣ2/Ng+2) in Eq. (11) can be changed by adjusting the two control fields. However, the lowest velocity is realized only if |∂сdτ'ηα˜|→0 and (ξ−α+−ξ+α−)→0 occur with complete light stoppage (v=0). The fields A+ and A- are strongly coupled and move or stay together with the following amplitude ratio:(g−/Ω−)A−(t,z)≅(g+/Ω+)A+(t,z). This means the field A- can be generated by the frequency shift ω−=ω41+δω+ if the frequency of the field A+ is tuned toω+=ω31+δω+. The standing field E^(t,z)~g+−1Ω+Ψ+e−iω+(t−z/c)+g−−1Ω−Ψ−e−iω−(t+z/c) is bound to the coherence moving grating (Moiseev & Ham, 2006, Ham, 2006, Moiseev et al., 2006, Moiseev & Ham, 2007, Ham & Hahn, 2009) which is completely different from the standing-wave grating (Bajcsy et al., 2003, Andre et al., 2005).
At timet=t2, we turn off one control laser Ω+ orΩ−. Figure 2 gives the switching sequence of two control fields for these two cases: (a) the control field Ω+is always on, while the Ω−is on only fort1tt2; (b) the control field Ω+is on for0tt2, while the control field Ω−is on fort1t.
Figure 3 shows numerical simulation of the two-color stationary light for case (a) mentioned above (also see Figure 2(1)). For simplification, we set γ2=0 and assume the same Rabi
Figure 3.
Numerical simulation of two-color stationary light. The control field Ω+is always on, while the Ω−is on only fort1(4)tt2(11).
Figure 4.
Numerical simulation of two-color stationary light for wavelength conversion. The control field Ω+is on for0tt2(11), while the Ω−is on fort1(4)t15.
frequencies for the control fields. Figure 3(c) and Figure 3(d) show the top view of the fields A+ and A- propagation, respectively. Figure 3(e) and Figure 3(f) show the temporal evolutions of the field amplitudes A+ and A-, respectively. Figure 3(g) and Figure 3(h) show space-time evolution of the fields A+ and A-, respectively. These figures show that when the control pulse Ω−is turned off at t=t2(t2=11), the standing field A- disappears completely, and the original field A+ keeps propagation moving in the same direction at the same group velocity as it had for 0tt1(
t1=4E14
).
Figure 4 shows numerical simulation of the two-color stationary light for case (b) (see Figure 2(2)). Similar to Figure 3, Figure 4(c) and Figure 4(d) show the top view of the coupled fields. Figure 4(e) and Figure 4(f) show the temporal evolutions of the coupled field amplitudes. Figure 4(g) and Figure 4(h) show space-time evolution of the coupled fields. As seen in Figure 4(c) and 4(d), when Ω+ is turned off at t=t2(t2=11) while the Ω− is kept turned on, the quantum field A+ disappears att=t2, but the A- propagates in the backward direction with new carrier frequencyω−. Figure 3 and 4 show that by controlling the coupling fields, the coupled fields E+ and E- can be manipulated for stationary light or frequency conversion, which has potential application for quantum nonlinear optics which needs a longer interaction time. Here we note that the maximum trapping time of stationary light is determined by the coherence decay rate γ2 between the two ground states |1> and |2>. Thus for practical application, we may choose an optically dense medium with a long spin decay time.
In summary, we have demonstrated two-color stationary light and quantum wavelength conversion using a quantum-mechanically reversible process between photons and atomic coherence in a double-Λ four-level system. In this scheme, a traveling quantum field can be manipulated by simply adjusting the control fields’ parameters for (1) determination of two-color stationary light, (2) selection of propagation direction, either forward or backward, and (3) dynamic quantum frequency conversion. The present quantum manipulation of two-color stationary light can be used for enhanced nonlinear interactions between single photon fields.
If we choose a multilevel system, MC stationary light should be possible. In this section, we show quantum coherent control of multiple travelling light pulses in an optically dense medium by generalizing the approach we used in the previous section. Figure 5 shows an energy level diagram of the present MC stationary light. The control fields with Rabi frequencies Ωmcopropagate forward along with the weak quantum fieldsE⌢m(m∈[1,...,M+]), whereas the other quantum fieldsE⌢n(n∈[1,...,M−]) propagate backward along with their control fields with Rabi frequenciesΩn. The propagation directions of fields for the effective generation and strong interaction between the fields should satisfy the phase matching condition. As shown in Figure 5, the quantum fields E⌢m and E⌢nare nearly resonant with optical transitions |1〉−|m〉and|1〉−|n〉, respectively. The control fields Ωmand Ωnhave frequencies close to the frequencies of transitions|2〉−|m〉and|2〉−|n〉, respectively (whereΩm(t)=Ωm,o(t)eiφm, Ωn(t)=Ωn,o(t)eiφn, and ϕm(n)are the constant phases of the fields).
We assume that initially all the atoms stay in the ground state |1〉and only one weak probe quantum fieldE⌢lenters into the medium with a forward propagation direction kl and the
Figure 5.
Energy level diagram for MC stationary light.
atoms are driven by one classical control field Ωl≠0with same propagation directionKl. The initial state of light and atoms in the interaction picture is given by |φ(t0)〉in=|φl〉|1〉atoms(|1〉atoms=∏j|1j〉and |φl〉are the ground state of the atoms and initial state of the probe field, respectively). The quantum field E⌢lpropagates at a slow group velocity due to the control fieldΩl, and atomic coherent wave〈P⌢12〉 is created between two ground states|1〉and|2〉. After the probe pulse completely enters the medium, we switch on the additional control fields (Ωm(tt1)≠0andΩn(tt1)≠0). Due to the ultraslow propagation of the probe field, such switching processes can be easily realized. The new atomic polarization waves with wave vectors km,n=kl−Kl+Km,n(phase matching condition) which generate the new light field E⌢m,n are created. Therefore all the quantum fields become coupled with each other via atomic coherence〈P⌢12〉which has the quantum information of the initial probe fieldE⌢l. Below we will study the evolution of MC stationary light in the coherent resonance medium driven by the M++M- control fields.
For a theoretical analysis of MC stationary light based on the multi double lambda-type scheme in Figure 5, we introduce quantum fieldsE⌢m,n(t,z)=ℏωm,n/(2ε0S)A⌢m,n(t,z)e−i(ωm,nt∓km,nz), where down indexes m and n are related to the signs ∓or±in the equations. A⌢m(n)are slowly varying field operators, where[A⌢p(t,z),A⌢q(t,z')]=δp,qδ(z−z'), ℏis the Planck’s constant, ε0is the electric permittivity, and S is a cross section of light beams (Loudon 2000). The interaction of the quantum fields with atoms driven by the control laser fields Ωm(t)and Ωn(t)is given by the following Hamiltonian in the interaction picture:
where P⌢ll'j=|l〉jj〈l'|is an operator of the j-th atom, gl=μl,1ωl,1/(2ε0ℏS)is a coupling constant of photons with atoms, μl',lis a dipole moment for the transition between the states|l'〉→|l〉, vm=ωm1+Δm, vn=ωn1+Δn, and
k0=ω21/cE16
.
Using Eq. (12) and adding the relaxation constants and Langevin forces associated with the atomic relaxation processes, we derive the Heisenberg equations for the atomic operatorsS⌢1mj=P⌢1mjexp{i(Δmt−kmzj)}, S⌢1nj=P⌢1njexp{i(Δnt+knzj)}and
whereγ˜m,n=γm,n−iΔm,n, F⌢1m;(1)j(t)=exp{i(Δmt−kmzj)}F⌢1m;(0)j(t), F⌢1n;(1)j(t)=exp{i(Δnt+knzj)}F⌢1n;(0)j(t)and the fluctuations satisfy the usual properties
In Eqs. (13)-(15), we ignore the influences of the weak populations of excited states |m〉 and|n〉. Thus we have the following equations for the weak field operatorsA⌢m,n:
(∂c∂t+∂∂z)A⌢m(t,z)=i(n0Sgm*/c)S⌢1m(t,z)E24
(∂c∂t−∂∂z)A⌢n(t,z)=i(n0Sgn*/c)S⌢1n(t,z)E25
where
S⌢1m(n)(t,z)=(n0S)−1/2∑jS⌢1m(n)j(t)δ(z−zj)E26
.
We assume a typical adiabatic condition for slow light propagation γ˜m,nδt01(δt0is large enough temporal duration of the probe pulse) and ignore the fluctuation forcesF⌢m2;(2)jand F⌢n2;(2)jdue to the weak quantum fields. Using Eqs. (13)-(20) and introducing new field operatorsΨ⌢m,n(t,z)=e±ik0zn0Sgm,nA⌢m,n(t,z)/Ωm,n(t), we finally obtain the following equations for Ψ⌢m,nunder the slow light propagation conditionvm,n(t)=cΩm,n2(t)/Ngm,n2c:
Eqs. (21) and (22) can be solved by using spatial Fourier transformation. Assuming that initial field Ψ⌢l(t,z)is determined by the probe pulse fieldAl(t,z), after some algebraic calculations we finally obtain the following solution:
In this section, we analyze quantum evolution of the MC field. Under the slow light condition and taking into account weak relaxation processes between the two ground levels |1〉and|2〉, we can get the key information of quantum dynamics control from the dispersion relation:
where v(t)is the united group velocity of all the laser fields, and −iδωkk''is the second order dispersion term which determines the spatial broadening of the MC light pulse.
4.1. Traveling MC field
If M−=0and M+1we have the traveling MC light field with the group velocity:
v(t)=vtravel(t)=∑mM+vm(t)E38
where the spatial dispersion will be
δωkk;travel''=2{∑m,m'M+ΓmΓm'(ξm−1−ξm'−1)2}/μE39
IfΔm(m')/gm(m')2=const, the spatial broadening of the traveling MC field can be minimized to
δωkk;travel''=2{∑m,m'M+ΓmΓm'(1/ξm0−1/ξm'0)2}/μE40
Ifγm/gm2=const, this value can be equal to zero.
4.2. Stationary MC field
Eg. (26) shows that all the laser fields propagate and evolve together with one group velocity v(t)in the medium. Whenv(t)=0, that is, when all the laser fields are completely stopped, we can obtain MC stationary light:
∑mM+Ωm;02(t)/gm2−∑nM−Ωn;02(t)/gn2=0E41
This is the MC stationary light condition. Obviously, this relation generalizes the results obtained for two-color stationary light. The amplitudes of these coupled fields can be manipulated by varying the Rabi frequencies of the corresponding control fields:A⌢m(t,z)/A⌢n(t,z)≅Ωm(t)gn/(Ωn(t)gm). Therefore optical control of group velocity, electric field amplitudes and direction of the MC field can be easily realized by changing the control fields’ amplitudes.
For a Gaussian shape of the initial input probe pulse, we have the following amplitudes Am,n of the MC stationary light:
Eq. (32) shows that the amplitude Am,ncan be larger than the initial probe pulse amplitudeAl,0, if
Ωm(n)(t)/Ωl(t0)1E43
.
The maximum MC field stationary time is determined by relaxation constant γ12and spatial spreading of the stationary pulse shape which is determined by the dispersion termδωkk''. Appling Eq. (31) to Eq. (29), we get the second order dispersion:
Using the conditions Im(ξm−1−ξl−1)=0andIm(ξn−1+ξl−1)=0, the dispersion can be minimized to zero:
∑mM+vm(t)(Δm/gm2)+∑nM−vn(t)(Δn/gn2)=0E45
by satisfying the particular relationship to the initial probe field El
Δm/gm2−Δl'/gl2=0,Δn/gn2+Δl'/gl2=0E46
From Eqs. (34) and (35), we can know that the condition for minimum spreading is independent of the total number of the control fields M+ and M-. Putting Eq. (31) into Eq. (27), we find the important relation for the minimum spatial spreading of the MC stationary light pulses:
After optical trapping of the initial probe pulse by using MC stationary light, it is possible to generate an arbitrary forward traveling light field Am from MC stationary fields by controlling the amplitudes of the forward control fields (m∈[1,....,M+],Ωm(tt2)≠0 , andΩl≠m(tt2)=0), or to generate an arbitrary backward traveling light field An by controlling the backward control fields (n∈[1,....,M−],Ωn(tt2)≠0 , andΩl≠n(tt2)=0). Generation of some number of copropagating quantum fieldsAm orAn is also possible.
The electric field amplitude of the m-th component in the MC light at time tout on the medium output (z=L) is given by
with the temporal durationδtm,travel=lm(tout)/vtravel(tout). Eq. (37) shows temporal properties of the output MC light field. We note that this MC wavelength conversion may have potential applications in optical communications networks.
We first demonstrated the two-color stationary light and quantum wavelength conversion using quantum coherence resulting from strongly coupled slow light through EIT in a double-lambda system. Then we generalized the approach to the MC light fields in the multi double Λ coherent atomic medium driven by the M++M- control intensive laser fields and showed how to manipulate the MC light field within the adiabatic limit. The results show that the MC light fields can be controlled by simply adjusting the control fields’ parameters for (1) MC stationary light, (2) selection of propagation direction (forward or backward), and (3) MC wavelength conversion. The maximum stationary time and minimum spatial spreading of the MC field have also been discussed. On-demand quantum manipulation of the MC light field can greatly increase the interaction time of the light and medium, and holds promise for applications in optical buffer, controllable switching, and quantum optical information processing.
We acknowledge that this work was supported by the CRI program (Center for Photon Information Processing) of the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology via National Research Foundation.
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