Introductory Chapter: Post-COVID Tourism – Tendencies and Management Approaches – An Introduction

1. Introduction

In the last few decades, the thematic literature and the evidence worldwide show that tourism activity is highly relevant and vital for numerous reasons. First, it has a significant economic impact. Tourism generates revenue through various channels such as accommodations, transportation, food and beverage services, entertainment, and shopping [1, 2, 3]. This tourist spending supports local businesses, creates job opportunities, and stimulates regional economic growth [4, 5].

Second, tourism facilitates cultural exchange. It allows people worldwide to experience and appreciate diverse cultures, traditions, and ways of life. Interactions between tourists and locals promote tolerance and respect for cultural diversity, fostering global understanding [3, 6].

Furthermore, tourism plays a crucial role in preserving heritage [3, 7]. Tourists often visit historical sites, natural landscapes, and cultural treasures, and the income generated from tourism can be used for their restoration and maintenance. This ensures the sustainability of these attractions for future generations to enjoy [8].

Tourism also raises environmental awareness [8, 9]. Responsible and sustainable tourism practices can educate visitors about environmental issues and encourage conservation efforts [3]. Experiencing fragile ecosystems and natural wonders firsthand often leads to a greater appreciation for the environment and a desire to protect it [3, 8, 10].

Additionally, tourism drives infrastructure development. To cater to the needs of tourists, destinations invest in improving transportation networks, accommodations, sanitation facilities, and recreational amenities. This benefits tourists and enhances the overall quality of life for local residents [11, 12].

Moreover, tourism has social benefits. Festivals, events, and tourism-related activities bring communities together, fostering social cohesion and providing platforms for cultural expression. Local residents take pride in showcasing their community and engaging with visitors, creating a sense of belonging and community spirit [13, 14, 15].

Last, tourism promotes education and knowledge exchange. Visitors learn about historical events, artistic expressions, scientific discoveries, and local traditions. Likewise, locals learn from the experiences and perspectives of tourists, creating opportunities for mutual education and understanding [16].

Nevertheless, it is vital to acknowledge the potential negative impacts of tourism, such as over-tourism, environmental degradation, cultural commodification, and socioeconomic inequalities. Contextually, it is pivotal to maximize the positive aspects of tourism while minimizing the harmful—i.e., sustainable tourism practices, responsible planning, and community involvement are crucial.

2. Tourism and the COVID-19 pandemic: in brief

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and far-reaching impact on the tourism industry worldwide. Governments implemented travel restrictions and lockdown measures to contain the spread of the virus, leading to a significant decline in tourism activity. International travel came to a standstill, and domestic travel was severely restricted, resulting in a drop in tourist arrivals [17, 18, 19].

The economic consequences of the pandemic on tourism have been severe. Many businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, faced closures, layoffs, and financial instability. The job losses and revenue declines had a cascading effect on the entire tourism supply chain and the broader economy [18, 19, 20].

Recovering from the pandemic has posed significant challenges for the tourism industry. Despite lifting some restrictions, travelers’ confidence and behavior have been impacted. Uncertainty surrounding the virus, changing travel regulations, and ongoing health concerns influence travel decisions.

The tourism industry has demonstrated resilience and adaptability in response to the crisis. Businesses have implemented stringent health and safety protocols to instill confidence in travelers. Virtual tours and online experiences have gained popularity as alternatives to physical travel, allowing people to explore destinations remotely [21].

The pandemic has also led to a shift in travel preferences. Travelers now prioritize health and safety measures, outdoor activities, and destinations with lower population density. Domestic and local travel has gained prominence due to travel restrictions and a desire to support local economies [22].

Sustainable tourism practices have gained increased importance during the pandemic. There is a growing recognition of the need to balance economic growth with environmental and social considerations. Destinations now prioritize sustainability and resilience in their tourism strategies, aiming for a more responsible and sustainable recovery [22, 23].

Collaboration and coordination among stakeholders have become essential during this crisis. Governments, tourism organizations, businesses, and local communities are working together to develop recovery plans, share best practices, and provide support to those affected by the pandemic [3].

It is important to note that the situation remains dynamic, with the impact of the pandemic on tourism evolving as vaccination efforts progress and travel restrictions are adjusted. The recovery of the tourism industry will depend on the global control of the virus, the success of vaccination campaigns, and the restoration of travelers’ confidence in resuming their travel plans.

3. Tourism in the post-COVID: evidences and forecasting

If we focus on the evidence and forecasting for tourism in the post-COVID period, this is subject to ongoing developments and uncertainties. Regardless, specific trends and considerations can provide insights into the potential direction of the industry:

1. Domestic and regional focus: In the early stages of recovery, domestic and regional travel has been a primary driver of tourism activity. This trend will likely continue as travelers may prefer destinations closer to home due to ongoing concerns and restrictions on international travel [24].

2. Gradual recovery of international travel: While the recovery of international travel may take longer, it is expected to rebound as vaccination rates increase and travel restrictions ease gradually. However, the pace and extent of recovery will depend on factors such as the global control of the virus, government policies, and traveler confidence [25].

3. Health and safety measures: Health and safety protocols will remain a priority post-COVID era. Travelers will continue to expect rigorous sanitation practices, social distancing measures, and the use of technology for contactless services. Implementing these measures will be crucial to restoring and maintaining traveler confidence [26].

4. Sustainable and responsible tourism: The pandemic has amplified the importance of sustainability and responsible tourism practices. Travelers are increasingly seeking environmentally friendly options, supporting local communities, and prioritizing destinations that prioritize sustainability. Post-COVID tourism will likely significantly emphasize sustainable practices and destination management [3].

5. Digital transformation: The pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation of the tourism industry. Online booking platforms, contactless services, and virtual experiences have become prevalent. Technology integration will continue to shape the post-COVID tourism landscape with innovations such as touchless payments, digital health passports, and enhanced communication platforms [27].

6. Resilience and adaptability: The ability of tourism businesses to adapt and innovate has been critical during the pandemic. Those that have demonstrated resilience by diversifying their offerings, implementing flexible policies, and focusing on customer needs are more likely to navigate the post-COVID recovery successfully [7].

Also, we should consider that several factors, including the progression of vaccination efforts (particularly in less developed countries and emerging markets), the emergence of new variants, government policies, and traveler behavior, will influence the trajectory of tourism in the post-COVID period. Ongoing monitoring, data analysis, and expert insights are necessary to provide more accurate and up-to-date evidence and forecasting for tourism in the post-COVID era.

4. Closing thoughts

The COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly impacted the tourism industry, leading to widespread disruptions and challenges. However, it has also presented an opportunity for the industry to reassess and transform itself for a more sustainable and resilient future.

As the world moves toward recovery, the tourism sector must prioritize health and safety measures, adapt to changing traveler preferences, and embrace sustainability. Collaboration among stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and local communities, will be essential in developing recovery strategies and ensuring a responsible and inclusive tourism industry.

While the future of tourism may still hold uncertainties, there is optimism for the industry’s gradual rebound and resurgence. As vaccination efforts progress and travel restrictions ease, the desire to explore new destinations and reconnect with the world will drive the recovery.

Ultimately, the post-COVID period provides an opportunity to build a more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient tourism industry. By prioritizing safety, sustainability, and responsible practices, we can create a tourism sector that benefits economies, respects the environment, preserves cultural heritage, and enriches the lives of travelers and local communities alike.

Acknowledgments

This study is a result of the Research Group CITUR-Madeira-Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation).