Abstract
A finite-length segment of filamentous relativistic electron beam (REB), moving uniformly in vacuum, radiates hybrid electromagnetic waves, compound of potential and vortex electric fields, as well as a vortex magnetic field. The strengths of electric and magnetic fields radiated by the segment edges have the opposite signs. The electromagnetic fields in the wave zone are considered as superposition of the electromagnetic waves radiated by the beginning and the end of the REB segment, which, in particular, leads to formation of the field’s interference components. In both the near and the intermediate zones, there is a flow of electrical energy due to the electric potential field and the field of displacement current.
Keywords
- relativistic electron beam or REB segment
- potential field
- vortex field
- radiation of EM waves
- near field zone
- intermediate zone and far field (wave) zone
- EM energy flux
1. Introduction
The physics of charged particle beam is an area where relativistic effects manifest themselves substantially. Here, one has to deal with a moving object, so both a fixed (laboratory) coordinate system and a moving coordinate system are to be used. A charged particle moves relative to the laboratory coordinate system, while in the moving coordinate system, it is at rest. Hence, in a laboratory coordinate system, the problem is to be considered as an electrodynamical one, and in a moving coordinate system, the problem belongs to the area of electrostatics. Thus, electrostatic phenomena in a charged particle set at rest are transformed into electrodynamic ones when it moves. Electromagnetic fields in these two inertial reference systems are tied via the Lorentz transform ([1], p. 79).
In the wave zone, the dynamic component of the electric field strength and the axially symmetric magnetic field form both a constant flux into a given solid angle, i.e., electromagnetic radiation, and a flux per time unit directed along the normal to the conical surface of the solid angle. The potential component of the electric field, directed along the radius, and the axially symmetric magnetic field form a flux oriented along the polar direction, i.e., along the normal to the above conical surface. The fluxes crossing the conical surface do not depend on the distance between the source point and the observation point. In the wave zone, the radiations from the beginning and end of the REB segment are added up, while the fluxes through the above conical surface caused by dynamic and potential components of electric field, are subtracted.
To date, the issue of influence of the finite length of a charged particle beam, moving uniformly in vacuum on the radiation of electromagnetic fields remains poorly studied, with an exception of publication [2], where its experimental part deserves special attention.
This chapter presents the results of our theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic field radiated by a finite-length segment of filamentous relativistic electron beam (REB). The REB segment moves uniformly in vacuum along its own axis which we will address as the
The filamentary REB edges are considered as relativistic point-like radiators of the electromagnetic energy propagating to the wave zone. The presence of a potential electric field in the wave zone is due to the fact that the electric scalar potential in the wave zone is proportional to the electric
In the intermediate zone, there is a flow of electrical field energy, due to the electric potential field and the field of the displacement current. The electrical energy flux in the intermediate zone is due to the electric potential field and field of the displacement current. The REB part with a constant charge density between its edges forms a quasi-static electromagnetic field in the near zone.
Note that a similar problem has been considered in [6], but it was devoted to similarity of the solutions obtained with the help of two different methods: retarded field integral and transformation equations of the special theory of relativity. Unlike our work, it does not contain expressions for scalar and vector potentials, as well as the electromagnetic energy flux.
2. Formulation of the problem
Consider a filamentary REB segment of length
where
where
3. Potentials
A potential part of the vector potential
Using the Green’s function for the wave equation ([3], p. 243), we obtain:
where the hatched coordinates refer to the source point at the time instant
The formula for the scalar potential can be obtained in the closed form using the table integral ([8], p. 34):
where the expressions in the first and second summands refer to the REB segment end and its beginning, respectively.
4. The electromagnetic field strengths
For estimation of the electric and magnetic fields, we use standard formulas ([7], p. 432):
where it is necessary to perform the differentiation over the coordinates of the observation point, taking into account the retardation effect ([7], p. 432) and ([4], p. 43) as well as the differentiation of integrals by the integration limits and by the parameter ([9], p. 58). Using Eqs. (5), (6), and (8), we get:
where
and
are the retardation factors ([3], p. 246).
The transverse components of the electric field strength
The transverse components of the magnetic field strength
The strengths of the electric fields in Eqs. (10)–(12) and magnetic fields with Eqs. (21) and (22), formed by the ends and the main part of the beam, decrease inversely proportional to the first and second powers of the distance from the source point to the observation point.
5. Displacement current
We take into account that the displacement current density
where the
The transverse components of the displacement current density
6. Flux of electrical energy
The electrical energy flux density per unit time
Taking into account the Eq. (5) or the Eq. (7) and the Eqs. (24)–(26), we can write
The electrical energy flux density
7. Pointing vector
The Poynting vector or the flux density of electromagnetic energy per unit time is determined by the formula ([3], p. 259)
The Poynting vector along the
where the summands in curly brackets are defined by Eq. (12) and Eq. (22), respectively. Rewriting the Eq. (32) in the following form:
where the
The energy fluxes,
The Poynting vector along the
The Poynting vector along the
8. Numerical results
We have considered the filamentary REB of the length
In the laboratory coordinate system, the dependence of the electric field strength
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F1.png)
Figure 1.
The potential electric field strength
The dependence of the potential electric field strength
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F2.png)
Figure 2.
The potential electric field strength
The dependence of the magnetic field strength
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F3.png)
Figure 3.
Magnetic field strength
The dependence of the magnetic field strength
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F4.png)
Figure 4.
Magnetic field strength
The dependence of the electromagnetic energy flux
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F5.png)
Figure 5.
The electromagnetic energy flux
The dependence of the electromagnetic energy flux
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F6.png)
Figure 6.
The electromagnetic energy flux
The dependence of the electromagnetic energy flux
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F7.png)
Figure 7.
The electromagnetic energy flux
The dependence of the electromagnetic energy flux
![](http://cdnintech.com/media/chapter/68168/1512345123/media/F8.png)
Figure 8.
The electromagnetic energy flux
9. Conclusions
The applicability of relativity in the physics of charged particle beams has been shown from the example of radiation by a filamentary REB segment uniformly moving in vacuum along a linear direction.
In electrodynamics, in a moving coordinate system, the relative distance between a charged object and an observer does not change. The phenomenon of relativity associated with the field dynamics degenerates to electrostatic processes. In rest, or laboratory, coordinate system, the relative distance is changing with time, the charge density also varies with the time, and as a result, the retardation phenomena came to the scene and the Poisson equation is to be substituted by the wave equation.
The expressions have been obtained to describe the strengths of the electric and magnetic fields and the electric and electromagnetic energy fluxes in all three zones: near field zone, intermediate, and wave zones. The filamentary REB edges are relativistic point-like sources of electromagnetic energy propagating in the wave zone. The REB edges form a potential component of the electric field strength, which is inversely proportional to the distance from the source point to the observation point. In the wave zone, strength of this field is comparable with that of the dynamic component of the electric field.
The dynamic component of the electric field strength and the axially symmetric magnetic field form both a constant flux into the given solid angle, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, and a flux per time unit directed along the normal to the conical surface of the above solid angle. The potential component of the electric field, directed along the radius, and the axially symmetric magnetic field form a flux oriented along the polar direction, i.e., along the normal to the conical surface. The fluxes crossing the above conical surface are independent of the distance between the source point and the observation point. In the wave zone, the radiations from the beginning and end of the REB segment are added up, while the fluxes through the above conical surface caused by dynamic and potential components of electric field, are subtracted.
Relativistic point-like sources create in the wave zone the vortex components of the magnetic field. The REB edges radiate hybrid electromagnetic waves, comprising of potential and vortex electric fields, as well as a vortex magnetic field. The electric and magnetic field strengths radiated by the REB segment edges have opposite signs. In the wave zone, the radiated electromagnetic field fluxes are compound of the electromagnetic energy fluxes, produced by both the REB segment beginning and its end, as well as of their interference components. In the intermediate zone, the electrical energy flux takes place due to the electric potential field and the displacement current. The REB segment, between the beam edges, having a constant charge density, produces a quasi-static electromagnetic field in the near zone.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded in part by NATO research project G5465 within frames of the Science for Peace and Security (SPS) program.
References
- 1.
Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. The Classical Theory of Fields (Volume 2: A Course of Theoretical Physics). Pergamon Press; 1971 - 2.
de Sangro R, Finocchinro G, Patteri P, Piccolo M, Pizzella G. Measuring propagation speed of Coulomb fields. The European Physical Journal C. 2015; 75 :137. DOI: 10.1140/epic/s10052-015-3355-3 - 3.
Jackson JD. Classical Electrodynamics. New York: John Wiley; 1998. 537p - 4.
Meshkov IN, Chirikov BV. Relativistic Electrodynamics. Novosibirsk: Vysshaya Shkola, NSU; 1982. 80p (in Russian) - 5.
Purcell E. Electricity and Magnetism (Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 2). 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math; 1984. 506p - 6.
Jefimenko OD. Retardation and relativity: The case of a moving line charge. American Journal of Physics. 1995; 63 (5):454-459 - 7.
Akhiezer AI, Akhiezer IA. Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Waves. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola; 1985. 594p (in Russian) - 8.
Dwight HB. Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data. New York: The Macmillan Company; 1957. p. 172 - 9.
Madelung E. Mathematical Apparatus of Physics. Moscow: Nauka; 1968. 618p (in Russian) - 10.
Stratton JA. Electromagnetic Theory. Moscow-Leningrad: Ogiz–Gostekhizdat; 1948. 539p (in Russian) - 11.
Prijmenko SD, Lukin KA. The flow of electromagnetic energy in the presence of potential electric and magnetic fields. Applied Radio Electronics. 2018; 17 (1, 2):28-34 (in Russian)