Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India:
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
www.cbspd.com
|
customercare@cbspd.com
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University,, Australia
Meghna Sobti*
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University,, Australia
Bridget C. Mabbutt*
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University,, Australia
*Address all correspondence to:
1. Introduction
It is today recognized that the vast majority of the cellular pool of RNA (nearly 98% in humans) comprises non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species (Mattick, 2001), with only a small proportion serving as direct template for protein synthesis. The diverse ncRNA forms are themselves capable of function, involved in a plethora of tasks such as protein scaffolding, cis and trans regulatory roles and catalysis (Lilley, 2005; Mattick & Makunin, 2006). Many of these functions are carried out in tight partnership with specific ancillary proteins within large ribonucleo-protein complexes (RNPs) (Eddy, 2001).
Various types of ncRNA, as well as RNPs containing tRNA, rRNA or snRNA, directly interact with mRNA at different stages of its life. Figure 1 presents an overview of the maturation of pre-mRNA and the fate of the mRNA generated. Pre-mRNA initially undergoes modification to enhance its stability: a 5’ methyl guanosine (m7G) cap added during transcription (Wen & Shatkin, 1999) and a poly(A)-tail placed in the 3’ region by the polyadenylation machinery (Proudfoot et al., 2002; Balbo & Bohm, 2007). Following initiation of spliceosomal assembly by recruitment of core particles in the cytoplasm, non-coding introns are spliced from the pre-mRNA sequence by the mature spliceosome in the nucleus (Crick, 1979; Pozzoli et al., 2002). This multi-megadalton complex itself contains 170 protein components and various types of snRNA, rivaling the ribosome in molecular complexity (Wahl et al., 2009).
Within the spliceosome, several distinct small nuclear RNP (snRNP) core complexes each contain snRNA organized around specific ring-structured protein assemblies. For those known as U1-, U2-, U4- and U5-snRNPs, these ring scaffolds are provided by members of the Sm protein family (Luhrmann et al., 1990), recruited to their specific snRNA partners in the cytoplasm at a distinct Sm-site of bases (Urlaub et al., 2001; Peng & Gallwitz 2004). The core snRNPs are reimported into the nucleus for further processing and spliceosome assembly (Will & Luhrmann, 2001; Patel & Bellini 2008). In contrast, U6 snRNA is first modified within the nucleoli and then engages with a related protein ring, in this case containing Lsm (“Sm-like”) proteins Lsm2-Lsm8. Together with the U1-U5 particles, the U6 snRNP is translocated to Cajal bodies for formation of the U4/U6*U5 tri-snRNP (Patel & Bellini, 2008). The mature snRNPs eventually assemble on pre-mRNA for intron removal steps (Will & Luhrmann, 2001; Patel & Bellini 2008).
Figure 1.
Lifecycle of mRNA from transcription to decay.
Following excision of introns, mRNA enters the cytoplasm via the nuclear pore complex to be either translated or degraded. In eukaryotes, two pathways are utilized for mRNA decay: i) 3’-to-5’ degradation by the exosome or ii) 5’-decapping, followed by 5’-to-3’ exonuclease degradation (Garneau et al., 2007). In either event, decay is initiated by shortening of the poly(A)-tail by deadenylases (Tucker et al., 2001; Garneau et al., 2007; Nissan et al., 2010). Protein machinery required for the 5’-decapping pathway is found enriched in cytoplasmic foci known as processing or P-bodies (Sheth & Parker 2003), which appear to control the sorting and storage of mRNA. Within P-bodies, a specific assembly of Lsm proteins (Lsm1-Lsm7) and ancilliary protein factors expedites mRNA decapping and subsequent breakdown by ribonuclease (Nissan et al., 2010). While the extent to which mRNA decay is restricted to P-bodies is unclear, sequestered mRNA species are observed to leave P-bodies and may re-enter translation (Brengues et al., 2005).
A characteristic feature of the Lsm proteins is their natural tendency to form ring-shaped quaternary complexes, each of a precise composition related to cellular location and RNA target (Beggs, 2005; Spiller et al., 2007). In prokaryotes and archaea, homomeric complexes of six or seven Lsm protomers appear to be functional, whilst discrete heteromeric assemblies of seven distinct Lsm proteins are found in eukaryotes. The individual Lsm proteins vary in size from 8-25 kDa (78-240 amino acids); representative sequences are depicted in Figure 2. Within each, a bipartite consensus sequence (designated Sm1 and Sm2 motifs) can be identified. These motifs arise from strands 1-3 and 4-5 of the core -sheet structure, respectively. A variable stretch of residues between these conserved segments is created by a surface-exposed interconnecting loop (Kambach et al., 1999; Collins et al., 2001).
The N- and C-terminal tail regions of each Lsm sequence are often highly charged and differ markedly between members; these are considered to provide contact points for additional protein or RNA interactions (Reijns et al., 2008; Reijns et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010). In the case of the eukaryotic Lsm1 and Lsm4 proteins, these tail segments are notably elongated.
The most highly conserved sequence segments across the Lsm family include specific amino acid sidechains implicated in RNA-binding. These are localized to two specific loop features, as outlined in Figure 2. For archaeal and eukaryotic Lsm proteins, sequence motifs Asp-x---Asn ( = hydrophobic) and Arg-Gly-(Asp) (Kambach et al., 1999; Collins et al., 2001; Toro et al., 2001) are characteristic of loops L3 and L5, respectively. In bacterial Hfq, these RNA-binding segments occur as Asp-x--- (L3) and Tyr-Lys-His (L5) (Schumacher et al., 2002).
Figure 2.
Structure-based Lsm protein sequence alignment. Sequences displayed are for S. cerevisiae Lsm3 (yLsm3), H. sapiens Lsm3 (hLsm3), S. cerevisiae SmD2 (ySmD2), human SmD2 (hSmD2), M. thermoautotrophicum Lsm (MtLsm) and E. coli Hfq (EcHfq). Shaded residues represent areas with 80% sequence homology. Secondary structure assignment is based on the crystal structure of yLsm3 (Naidoo et al., 2008). Red bars indicate conserved residues implicated in RNA binding. # indicates additional truncated residues not displayed. Boxed insert shows organization of other Lsm multidomain proteins: AD, anticodon binding domain; MTD, methyl transferase domain; DFDF, DFDF‐x(7)‐F containing domain; FFD, Y‐x‐K‐x(3)‐FFD‐x‐(IL)‐S containing motif; TFG: [RKH]‐x(2‐5)‐E‐x(0‐2)‐[RK]‐x(3‐4)‐[DE]‐TFG containing domain. CTD, C-terminal domain2.
For this bacterial ortholog, a highly conserved Gln residue on the N-terminal -helix is also implicated in RNA-binding (Schumacher et al., 2002).
Overall, the bacterial protein Hfq shows little sequence conservation with its archaeal and eukaryotic orthologs, yet the archaeal and eukaryotic Lsm proteins share some limited sequence similarity (20 %). The following Lsm-Sm protein paralogs are identifiable: Lsm1-SmB, Lsm2-SmD1, Lsm3-SmD2, Lsm4-SmD3, Lsm5-SmE, Lsm6-SmF, Lsm7-SmG, Lsm8-SmB (Fromont-Racine et al., 2000). These specific sequence relationships suggest the eukaryotic Lsm proteins to have evolved from a common archaeal ancestor in two waves (Khusial et al., 2005; Veretnik et al., 2009). A first gene duplication event likely created eight distinct Lsm proteins, from which later evolved the Sm protein group. The diversity of biological activities of Lsm proteins compared to their more specialized Sm counterparts supports this two-step evolution model (Beggs, 2005; Khusial et al., 2005). The presence of up to three Lsm proteins in archaea, as well as an Hfq-like protein in archaeal M. jannaschii, further supports a common ancestor of eukaryotic and archaeal Lsm proteins (Fischer et al., 2011).
A few multidomain proteins incorporating Lsm components have been observed (summarized, Figure 2). Lsm12 includes t-RNA and methyltransferase domains (Albrecht & Lengauer, 2004), and Lsm13, Lsm14 and Lsm15 all contain a central DFDF-x(7)-F domain (Albrecht & Lengauer, 2004; Anantharaman & Aravind, 2004). Lsm16 features a remarkably disrupted Lsm variant (lacking both the N-terminal -helix and a complete 4 strand) in addition to FDF and YjeF-N domains (Albrecht & Lengauer, 2004; Tritschler et al., 2007). This protein is suggested to be dimeric in solution (Ling et al., 2008). The archaeal protein Pa-Sm3 contains an Lsm-like domain in addition to a C-terminal domain of unknown function adopting an /-fold (Mura et al., 2003).
Crystal structures of Lsm and Sm proteins from diverse sources today provide many high-resolution views of the ring morphology of their assemblies. As shown in Figure 3, Lsm rings have been observed to range 58-75 Å in diameter and to contain a central pore of 6-15 Å. Some crystal structures solved to date (Table 1) have been obtained in the presence of specific RNA partners. The recent solving of the human U1-snRNP structures containing the Sm assembly bound together with U1 snRNA and proteins U1-70K and U1-A have been significant and exciting advances (Pomeranz Krummel et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010). These provide the first molecular detail of L/Sm rings bound to the highly intertwined protein-RNA network within RNP complexes.
Within the various Lsm ring assemblies, each protomer occurs as a highly bent five-stranded antiparallel -sheet overlaid in most cases by an N-terminal -helix (Figure 4A). The pronounced twist of the -sheet aligns strand 5 against 1, so forming an SH3-type barrel loosely related to the OB-fold (Kambach et al., 1999; Collins et al. 2001). Strands 4 and 5 each present on opposite ends of the module, so providing interaction sites for adjacent Lsm subunits via 4-5’ pairing (Figure 4). Stacking of five to eight protomers in such a manner ultimately results in the formation of the toroid assembly characteristic of all Lsm assemblies (Figure 4).
Within this ring organisation, the N-terminal amphipathic -helices of each Lsm component are gathered across one face of the toroid, from which also project the unstructured N- and
Figure 3.
Selected crystal structures solved for Lsm assemblies. A) Pentamer, cyanophage ECX21941 (PDB 3BY7) 60 Å ring, 9 Å pore. B) Hexamer, of C. parvum Lsm5 (PDB 3PGG) 60 Å ring, 10 Å pore. C) Hexamer, S. aureus Hfq (PDB 1KQ1) 65 Å ring, 11 Å pore. D) Hexamer, A. fulgidus Sm2 (PDB 1LJO) 58 Å ring, 6 Å pore. E) Hexamer, A. fulgidus Sm2 (PDB 1LJO) 58 Å ring, 6 Å pore. F) Heptamer, A. fulgidus Sm1 (PDB 1I4K) 65 Å ring, 13 Å pore. G) Heptamer, M. thermoautotrophicum Lsm (PDB 1I81) 65 Å ring, 10-15 Å pore. F) Heptamer, S. cerevisiae Sm-F (PDB 1N9R) 65 Å ring, 10-15 Å pore. H) Octamer, S. cerevisiae Lsm3 (PDB 3BW1) 75 Å ring, 15 Å pore.
Protein1
PDB ID
Resolution (Å)
Organism
Reference
Hexameric
HsSmD3B
1D3B
2.00
H. sapiens
Kambach et al., 1999
SaHfq
1KQ1
1.55
S. aureus
Schumacher et al., 2002
SaHfq*
1KQ2
2.71
S. aureus
Schumacher et al., 2002
AfSm2
1LJO
1.95
A. fulgidus
Toro et al., 2002
EcHfq
1HK9
2.15
E. coli
Sauter et al., 2003
PaHfq
1U1S
1.60
P. aeruginosa
Nikulin et al., 2003
PaHfq
1U1T
1.90
P. aeruginosa
Nikulin et al., 2003
MjSm
2QTX
2.50
M. jannaschii
Nielsen et al., 2007
CpLsm5
3PGG
2.14
C. parvum
Vedadi et al., 2007
AHfq
3HFN
2.31
Anabena sp.
Boggild et al., 2009
EcHfq*
3GIB
2.40
E. coli
Link et al., 2009
SHfq
3HFO
1.30
Synchocystis sp.
Boggild et al., 2009
PaH57THfq
3INZ
1.70
P. aeruginosa
Moskaleva et al., 2010
PaH57AHfq
3M4G
2.05
P. aeruginosa
Moskaleva et al., 2010
BsHfq
3HSB
2.20
B. subtilis
Someya et al., 20103
Heptameric
MtLsm
1I81, 1MGQ
2.00, 1.70
M. thermoautotrophicum
Collins et al., 2001
PaeSm1
1I8F
1.75
P. aerophilum
Mura et al., 2001
AfSm1
1I4K
2.50
A. fulgidus
Toro et al., 2001
AfSm1*
1I5L
2.75
A. fulgidus
Toro et al., 2001
MtLsm
1JBM
1.85
M. thermoautotrophicum
Mura et al., 2003b
PaeSm1
1JRI
1.75
P. aerophilum
Mura et al., 2003b
PaeSm1
1LNX
2.05
P. aerophilum
Mura et al., 2003b
PabSm1
1H64
1.90
P. abysii
Thore et al., 2003
PabSm1*
1M8V
2.60
P. abysii
Thore et al., 2003
PaeSm3
1M5Q
2.00
P. aerophilum
Mura et al., 2003a
PaeSm1
1LOJ
1.90
M. thermoautotrophicum
Mura et al., 2003b
ScSmF
1N9R
2.80
S. cerevisiae
Collins et al., 2003
ScSmF
1N9S
3.50
S. cerevisiae
Collins et al., 2003
SsSm1
1TH7
1.68
S. solfataricus
Kilic et al., 2005
U1-snRNP*
3CW1
5.49
H. sapiens
Pomeranz Krummel et al., 2009
U1-snRNP*
3PGW
4.40
H. sapiens
Weber et al., 2010
Other
CphLsm
3BY7
2.60
Cyanophage
Das et al., 2009
ScLsm3
3BW1
2.50
S. cerevisiae
Naidoo et al., 2008
PfuQ8TZN22
1YCY
2.80
P. furiosus
Huang et al., 20043
Table 1.
Table 1. Crystal structures solved for Lsm assemblies (to 2010)1Proteins are named by the first letters of the species, followed by the type of protein. Asterisked entries indicate structures solved in the presence of RNA. 2Hypothetical protein adopting an Lsm fold.3Structure deposited without supporting publication.
C-terminal extensions. The opposite face of the ring, named the distal face, is predominantly composed of residues of the variable loop L4 segments. All the Lsm ring structures (across eukarya, archaea and bacteria) reveal clusters of positive residues lining the internal pore, as well as pronounced positive elements on the distal face (Toro et al., 2001; Brennan & Link, 2007; Naidoo et al., 2008).
The body of structural data adds to biochemical understanding concerning L/Sm-RNA interactions, and distinct RNA sites within the protein oligomer. These include i) a binding site within the lumen of the ring, ii) an external contact site on the helix face and iii) residues located on the distal face of the complex (Figure 4). The first of these sites engages residues from loops L3 and L5, contributed from all Lsm components to create a nucleotide-binding pocket running around the inner rim (Weber et al., 2010). The specific architecture and repeated circular location of these specific, highly conserved, sidechains enables one nucleotide base to be bound per L/Sm protomer. Crystal structures of archaeal and bacterial Lsm complexed with RNA clearly show the oligonucleotides to be threaded around this rim of the toroid (Toro et al., 2001; Schumacher et al., 2002). Each binding “slot” allows specific base stacking to a hydrophobic sidechain of loop L3, as well as contact with the signature Arg residues of loop L5 and H-bonding with Asn residues (strand 4). Further electrostatic contacts (involving conserved Asp (strand 2), Arg (loop L5) and Gly (loop L5) residues) enhance the stability of the Lsm-RNA complex (Toro et al., 2001). Figure 5 displays these relevant binding interactions for U5 within the lumen site of archaeal AfSm1.
An external contact site for RNA at the helix face of the Lsm toroid (site ii) is suggested by the crystal structure of PaSm1 bound with U7 oligonucleotide (Thore et al. 2003). In this case, each of two sandwiched Lsm rings engage two nucleotides at the N-terminal -helix (Arg, His) and strands 2 (Tyr) via base stacking and H-bonding.
A third distinct RNA-binding site (iii) is likely to be unique to the bacterial Hfq assembly, and its tripartite form has been detailed in the crystal structure of Hfq bound to poly(A) RNA (Link et al. 2009). The protein Hfq engages poly(A) sequences on its distal face via specific residues exposed from strands 2 and 4. There is, however, no evidence for poly(A) binding by eukaryotic Lsm proteins. In the structure of the Hfq/RNA complex, RNA contacts include electrostatic interactions from Lys (strand 2) and Gln (strand 4) sidechains, as well as stacking of bases between Tyr, Leu (strand 2) and Leu and Ile (strand 2’) of adjacent subunits. It is in this region of the toroid that sequence variability of the loop L4 across the Lsm family results in non-conservation of distal face chemistry, so explaining the unique binding properties of Hfq.
Within the crystal structures of the human U1-snRNP complex, multiple RNA interactions made by the ring of Sm proteins include binding sites i) and ii) outlined above (Weber et al., 2010). However, the U1-snRNP structure also clearly demonstrates the role of the Sm sequence extensions and loop regions as additional interaction sites, particularly the C-terminal extensions of SmD3 and SmB. In the lumen of the toroid (i.e. site i), snRNA threads
to stack single nucleotides of the Sm site against the key loop L3 and L5 residues, noteably the aromatic sidechains. From the helix face of the ring are projected residues of the N-terminal -helix and loop L3 of SmD2, forming an external contact site (reminiscent of site ii) that guides the snRNA into the ring pore. Residues from the loop L2 regions of SmD1 and SmD2 appear to guide RNA out from the Sm ring. Protruding beyond the distal face, residues of the elongated L4 loops of SmD2 and SmB provide another important interaction point to clamp and secure a stem-loop of the snRNA.
Figure 4.
Lsm fold and quaternary structure. Ribbon diagrams of MtLsm (A, B; PDB 1I81) are displayed. A) Dimer interface of MtLsm. Chain A is represented in green, chain B in blue. Residues involved in hydrophobic packing at the dimer interface (Chain A: Ile27, Val77, Tyr78 of chain A; Chain B: Leu 30, Phe36, Leu66, Val69, Ile71) are shown in stick representation. B-C) Top and side view of heptameric MtLsm. D) Homo-heptameric MtLsm (PDB 1I81). E) Homo-octameric yeast Lsm3 (PDB 3BW1). Space-filled models highlight in red conserved residues implicated in RNA binding: Asp in 2, Asn in L3, Arg and Gly in L5.
Figure 5.
Three general sites for RNA binding within specific examples of Lsm complexes. Site i) AfSm1 (PDB 1I5L) bound to U5 RNA viewed from helix face. Site ii) Two PaSm1 (PDB 1M8V) heptamers are bridged by uridine heptamer. Site iii) EcHfq (PDB 3GIB) bound to poly(A) viewed from distal face. U1-snRNP) Figure includes side view of the Sm-core of the human U1 snRNP structure (PDB 3PGW).
The majority of crystal structures of Lsm obtained to date portray the hexa- and heptameric protein assemblies that correspond to fully functional homomeric or heteromeric protein groupings. It is, for instance, assumed that complexes of SmD1-SmD2, SmD3-SmB and SmE-SmF-SmG can exist independently in the cytoplasm, yet rearrange into mixed heptamers in the presence of RNA during snRNP formation (Peng & Gallwitz, 2004). However, a few crystal structures suggest that other compositions, e.g. pentamers and octamers, may be stable for eukaryotic Lsm (Naidoo et al., 2008; Das et al., 2009). While it is currently not clear if these organizations are peculiar to recombinant preparations of the Lsm family, they suggest possibilities for a variety of multimeric assemblies in vivo. Our own interaction studies indicate that Lsm assemblies may be relatively dynamic in solution, providing capacity to engage in alternative protein partnerships and stable groupings (Sobti et al., 2010).
Sm and Lsm proteins are known to interact with a diversity of RNA partner species. Specific RNA sequences recognized by various Lsm complexes include the Sm-site (A2U5GA) (Raker et al., 1999) and U-rich stretches at the 3’ end of oligoadenylated mRNA (Chowdhury et al., 2007) and RNA polymerase III transcripts, including snRNA (Achsel et al., 1999). Other binding partners include snoRNA (Kufel et al., 2003a), P RNA (Kufel et al., 2002), tRNA (Kufel et al., 2002) and rRNA (Kufel et al., 2003b). Depletion of Lsm proteins 2-5 and 8 in yeast results in defects in post-transcriptional processing of tRNA, P RNA, rRNA, snoRNA and snRNA precursors (Kufel et al., 2002; Kufel et al., 2003b; Kufel et al., 2003a). Yet only minor (or no) effects are observed on depletion of Lsm6 and Lsm7. A summary of some specific Lsm-ncRNA interactions is presented in Table 2.
The Lsm2-Lsm8 complex plays a key role in U6 snRNA maturation, so impacting on the formation of spliceosomal snRNPs (Karaduman et al., 2006). U6 snRNA is the most conserved of all snRNA species and key to the catalytic activity of the spliceosome (Brow, 2002). Newly transcribed U6 pre-snRNA is targeted to the nucleoli following binding of the La protein (Lhp1 in yeast) at its U-rich 3’ region (Wolin & Cedervall, 2002). Following cyclic phosphorylation, La (or Lhp1) is displaced from the U6 snRNA by the Lsm2-Lsm8 assembly (Achsel et al., 1999; Licht et al., 2008), which induces conformational changes that stimulate binding of a recycling factor (p110 or Prp24) (Rader & Guthrie, 2002; Ryan et al., 2002; Karaduman et al., 2006). These conformational changes have been suggested to assist in the formation and recycling of the U4/U6 di-snRNP by exposing single stranded nucleotides for base pairing (Beggs, 2005; Karaduman et al., 2006; Karaduman et al., 2008). The Lsm2-Lsm8 complex is also implicated in decapping steps of mRNA in the nucleus. This was suggested by the finding that Lsm6 and Lsm8 were required for nuclear mRNA decay (Kufel et al., 2004).
A specific role for Lsm1-Lsm7 concerns activation of mRNA decay in P-bodies; depletion of individual yeast Lsm proteins results in the accumulation of capped, oligoadenylated mRNA transcripts (Boeck et al., 1998; Bonnerot et al., 2000; Bouveret et al., 2000; Tharun et al., 2000). This specific Lsm complex is recruited alongside other decay factors to U-rich tracts by the protein Pat1, after its displacement of cap-binding translation factors (Parker & Sheth, 2007). It is likely that Pat1 and Lsm1-Lsm7 are then involved in subsequent activation of the Dcp1-Dcp2 enzyme (Nissan et al., 2010). A variety of studies have demonstrated the interaction of Lsm1-Lsm7 with decapping factors and exoribonuclease Xrn1 (Bonnerot et al., 2000; Bouveret et al., 2000; Tharun et al., 2000; Coller et al., 2001).
RNAspecies
Lsm function
Selected experimental evidence
References
snRNA
assembly, processing
and nuclear localization
Lsm2-8 binds 3’ end of U6 snRNA
Achsel et al., 1999
Lsm2-8 initiates structural rearrangements of U6 snRNA
Karaduman et al., 2006; 2008
Depletion of Lsm2-Lsm8 results in splicing defects
Mayes et al., 1999
Splicing activity recovered through recombinant Lsm proteins
Verdone et al., 2004
Lsm2-8 localizes U6 snRNA to the nucleus
Spiller et al., 2007
tRNA
splicing, 3’ and 5’ end-processing
Accumulation of unprocessed pre-tRNA and reduced La/Lhp1 binding upon Lsm2-Lsm5 and Lsm8 depletion
Kufel et al., 2002
Direct interaction of Lsm3 with tRNA and its splicing factors
Fromont-Racine et al., 1997
P RNA
chaperone
Depletion of Lsm2-Lsm5 and Lsm8 reduces pre-PRNA levels
Mayes et al., 1999
Reduced La/Lhp1 binding upon Lsm2-Lsm5 and Lsm8 depletion
Kufel et al., 2002
Lsm2-Lsm7 proteins coprecipitate with pre-PRNA
Salgado-Garrido et al., 1999
rRNA
3’ and 5’ end-processing
Depletion of Lsm2-Lsm5 and Lsm8 delays pre-rRNA processing and increases rRNA decay rate
Kufel et al., 2003b
Pre-rRNA coprecipitates with Lsm3 but not Lsm1
Kufel et al., 2003b
Deletion of Lsm6 and Lsm7 genes impairs 20S pre-rRNA processing
Li et al., 2009
snoRNA
3’ end-processing
Lsm2-Lsm5 and Lsm8 depletion results in U3-snoRNA degradation and loss of its 3’ extended precursor
Kufel et al., 2003a
Reduced La/Lhp1 binding upon Lsm3 or Lsm5 depletion
Kufel et al., 2003a
Lsm2-Lsm7 but not Lsm1 or Lsm8 coprecipitate with snR5 snoRNA
Fernandez et al., 2004
Lsm2-4 and 6-8 but not Lsm5 coprecipitate with U8 snoRNA
In contrast to its enhancement of mRNA decay, however, the Lsm1-Lsm7 complex can also protect mRNA against 3’ end trimming (He & Parker, 2001). This may involve steric hindrance of nuclease attack at mRNA locations on which Lsm1-Lsm7 and Pat1 proteins are bound.
As for the eukaryotic Lsm proteins, Hfq is required for deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay. An RNase E-Hfq-sRNA complex is thought to function in translational repression and subsequent mRNA destabilization and degradation (Morita et al., 2005; Morita et al., 2006). Additional functions of Hfq include ATPase activity (Sukhodolets & Garges, 2003), cellular stress response and modulation of virulence in some bacterial strains (Tsui et al., 1994; Fantappie et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010). Interestingly, the virulence of the multi-drug resistant human pathogen S. aureus was decreased in Hfq-deletion strains. (Liu et al., 2010).
6. Lsm proteins in human disease and viral replication
Aberrations in functions of Lsm proteins have been associated with a number of human diseases. Sm proteins are known to be targeted by auto-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosis (Lerner & Steitz, 1979). In fact, the proteins were first identified in nuclear extracts of a patient suffering from this disease. A mutation of the SMN gene resulting in diminished assembly of snRNPs is the cause of spinal muscular atrophy (Lefebvre et al., 1995; Wan et al., 2005). Three Lsm proteins (Lsm1, Lsm3 and Lsm7) have now been directly connected to different cancer types. Lsm1 (also named cancer associated Sm-like protein, CaSm) was upregulated in pancreatic, prostate and breast cancer, as well as in several cancer-derived cell lines (Schweinfest et al., 1997; Fraser et al., 2005; Streicher et al., 2007). Remarkably, overexpression of antisense Lsm1 has been demonstrated to promote tumor reduction (Kelley et al., 2000; Kelley et al., 2001; Yan et al., 2006). Elevated levels of Lsm7 have been identified in malignant thyroid tumors, and a reduction in Lsm7 expression was observed in breast cancers (Conte et al., 2002; Rosen et al., 2005). The copy number and expression for the Lsm3 gene was found to be elevated in cervical cancer (Lyng et al., 2006).
Observations concerning Lsm proteins in viral replication underlines some interesting functional diversity. Bacterial Hfq was initially described as a host factor required for phage Qß replication (Franze de Fernandez et al., 1968). A role for Lsm1 as an effector of HIV replication has been reported (Chable-Bessia et al., 2009). It has also been suggested more recently that positive-strand RNA viruses may directly bind to the host Lsm1-7 protein complex via tRNA-like structures and A-rich stretches, so diverting normal mRNA regulation (Galao et al., 2010). The requirement of host Lsm proteins for the replication of this class of virus has additionally been demonstrated in plant brome mosaic virus (Diez et al., 2000; Noueiry et al., 2003; Mas et al., 2006) and human hepatitis C virus (Scheller et al., 2009).
References
1.AchselT.BrahmsH.KastnerB.BachiA.WilmM.LuerhmannR.1999A doughnut-shaped heteromer of human Sm-like proteins binds to the 3’ end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4/U6 duplex formation in vitro’, EMBO J, 18 (20), 5789 EOF802 EOF
2.AfonyushkinT.VecerekB.MollI.BlasiU.KaberdinV. R.2005Both RNase E and RNase III control the stability of sodB mRNA upon translational inhibition by the small regulatory RNA RyhB’, Nucleic Acids Res, 33 (5), 1678 EOF1689 EOF
3.AlbrechtM.LengauerT.2004Novel Sm-like proteins with long C-terminal tails and associated methyltransferases’, FEBS Lett, 569 (1-3), 18 EOF26 EOF
4.AnantharamanV.AravindL.2004Novel conserved domains in proteins with predicted roles in eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation, decapping and RNA stability’, BMC Genomics, 5 (1), 45 EOF
5.BalboP. B.BohmA.2007Mechanism of poly(A) polymerase: structure of the enzyme-MgATP-RNA ternary complex and kinetic analysis’, Structure, 15 (9), 1117-31.
6.BeggsJ. D.2005Lsm proteins and RNA processing’, Biochem Soc Trans 33439501
7.BoeckR.LapeyreB.BrownC. E.SachsA. B.1998Capped mRNA degradation intermediates accumulate in the yeast spb82mutant’, Mol Cell Biol, 18 (9), 5062-72.
8.BonnerotC.BoeckR.LapeyreB.2000The two proteins Pat1Mrt1pand Spb8p interact in vivo, are required for mRNA decay, and are functionally linked to Pab1p.’, Mol Cell Biol, 20.
9.BouveretE.RigautG.ShevchenkoA.WilmM.SeraphinB.2000A Sm-like protein complex that participates in mRNA degradation’, EMBO J, 19 (7), 1661 EOF71 EOF
10.BrenguesM.TeixeiraD.ParkerR.2005Movement of eukaryotic mRNAs between polysomes and cytoplasmic processing bodies’, Science, 310 (5747), 486 EOF9 EOF
11.BrennanR. G.LinkT. M.2007Hfq structure, function and ligand binding’, Curr Opin Microbiol, 10 (2), 125 EOF133 EOF
12.BrowD. A.2002Allosteric cascade of spliceosome activation’, Annu Rev Genet,3633360
13.Chable-BessiaC.MezianeO.LatreilleD.TribouletR.ZamborliniA.WagschalA.JacquetJ. M.ReynesJ.LevyY.SaibA.BennasserY.BenkiraneM.2009Suppression of HIV-1 replication by microRNA effectors’, Retrovirology, 6, 26 EOFRetrovirology EOF
14.ChowdhuryA.MukhopadhyayJ.TharunS.2007The decapping activator Lsm17pPat1pcomplex has the intrinsic ability to distinguish between oligoadenylated and polyadenylated RNAs’, RNA, 13.
15.CollerJ. M.TuckerM.ShethU.MAValencia-SanchezParkerR.2001The DEAD box helicase, Dhh1p, functions in mRNA decapping and interacts with both the decapping and deadenylase complexes.RNA, 7.
16.BMCollinsHarropS. J.KornfeldG. D.IanD. W.CurmiP. M. G.MabbuttB. C.2001Crystal Structure of a Heptameric Sm-like Protein Complex from Archea: Implications for the Structure and Evolution of snRNPs’, J Mol Biol,30991523
17.ConteN.Charafe-JauffretE.DelavalB.AdelaideJ.GinestierC.GeneixJ.IsnardonD.JacquemierJ.BirnbaumD.2002Carcinogenesis and translational controls: TACC1 is down-regulated in human cancers and associates with mRNA regulators’, Oncogene, 21 (36), 5619 EOF30 EOF
19.DasD.KozbialP.AxelrodH. L.MillerM. D.Mc MullanD.KrishnaS. S.AbdubekP.AcostaC.AstakhovaT.BurraP.CarltonD.ChenC.ChiuH. J.ClaytonT.DellerM. C.DuanL.EliasY.ElsligerM. A.ErnstD.FarrC.FeuerhelmJ.GrzechnikA.GrzechnikS. K.HaleJ.HanG. W.JaroszewskiL.JinK. K.JohnsonH. A.KlockH. E.KnuthM. W.KumarA.MarcianoD.MorseA. T.MurphyK. D.NigoghossianE.NopakunA.OkachL.OommachenS.PaulsenJ.PuckettC.ReyesR.RifeC. L.SefcovicN.SudekS.TienH.TrameC.TroutC. V.van denBedem. H.WeekesD.WhiteA.XuQ.HodgsonK. O.WooleyJ.DeaconA. M.GodzikA.LesleyS. A.WilsonI. A.2009Crystal structure of a novel Sm-like protein of putative cyanophage origin at 2.60 A resolution’, Proteins, 75 (2), 296 EOF307 EOF
20.DiezJ.IshikawaM.KaidoM.AhlquistP.2000Identification and characterization of a host protein required for efficient template selection in viral RNA replication’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97 (8), 3913 EOF3918 EOF
21.EddyS. R.2001Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world’, Nat Rev Genet, 2 (12), 919 EOF29 EOF
22.FantappieL.MetruccioM. M.SeibK. L.OrienteF.CartocciE.FerliccaF.GiulianiM. M.ScarlatoV.DelanyI.2009The RNA chaperone Hfq is involved in stress response and virulence in Neisseria meningitidis and is a pleiotropic regulator of protein expression’, Infect Immun, 77 (5), 1842 EOF1853 EOF
23.FernandezC. F.PannoneB. K.ChenX.FuchsG.WolinS. L.2004An Lsm2Lsm7 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae associates with the small nucleolar RNA snR5’, Mol Biol Cell, 15 (6), 2842-52.
24.FischerS.BenzJ.SpathB.MaierL. K.StraubJ.GranzowM.RaabeM.UrlaubH.HoffmannJ.BrutschyB.AllersT.SoppaJ.MarchfelderA.2011The archaeal Lsm protein binds to small RNAs’, J Biol Chem, 285 (45), 34429 EOF34438 EOF
25.Franze deFernandez. M. T.EoyangL.AugustJ. T.1968Factor fraction required for the synthesis of bacteriophage Qbeta-RNA’, Nature, 219 (5154), 588 EOF90 EOF
26.FraserM. M.WatsonP. M.FraigM. M.KelleyJ. R.NelsonP. S.BoylanA. M.ColeD. J.WatsonD. K.2005CaSm-mediated cellular transformation is associated with altered gene expression and messenger RNA stability’, Cancer Res, 65 (14), 6228 EOF36 EOF
27.Fromont-RacineM.RainJ. C.LegrainP.1997Toward a functional analysis of the yeast genome through exhaustive two-hybrid screens.’, Nat Genetics, 16.
29.GalaoR. P.ChariA.Alves-RodriguesI.LobaoD.MasA.KambachC.FischerU.DiezJ.2010LSm17complexes bind to specific sites in viral RNA genomes and regulate their translation and replication’, RNA, 16 (4), 817-27.
30.GarneauNicole. L.WiluszJeffrey.WiluszCarol. J.2007The highways and byways of mRNA decay’, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,811326
31.GottesmanS.StorzG.2010Bacterial Small RNA Regulators: Versatile Roles and Rapidly Evolving Variations’, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.
32.HeW.ParkerR.2001The yeast cytoplasmic LsmI/Pat1p complex protects mRNA 3’ termini from partial degradation’, Genetics, 158 (4), 1445 EOF55 EOF
33.KambachChristian.WalkeStefan.YoungRobert.AvisJohanna. M.de la FortelleEric.RakerVeronica. A.LuerhmannReinhard.LiJade.NagaiKiyoshi.1999Crystal Structures of Two Sm Protein Complexes and Their Implications for the Assembly of the Spliceosomal snRNPs’, Cell,9637587
34.KaradumanR.FabrizioP.HartmuthK.UrlaubH.LuerhmannR.2006RNA structure and RNA-Protein interactions in Purified Yeast U6 snRNPs’, J Mol Biol,356124862
35.KaradumanR.DubeP.StarkH.FabrizioP.KastnerB.LuhrmannR.2008Structure of yeast U6 snRNPs: arrangement of Prp24p and the LSm complex as revealed by electron microscopy’, RNA, 14 (12), 2528 EOF2537 EOF
36.KelleyJ. R.FraserM. M.SchweinfestC. W.VournakisJ. N.WatsonD. K.ColeD. J.2001CaSm/gemcitabine chemo-gene therapy leads to prolonged survival in a murine model of pancreatic cancer’, Surgery, 130 (2), 280 EOF288 EOF
37.KelleyJ. R.BrownJ. M.FrasierM. M.BaronP. L.SchweinfestC. W.VournakisJ. N.WatsonD. K.ColeD. J.2000The cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene: a novel target for the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer’, Surgery, 128 (2), 353-60.
38.KhusialP.PlaagR.ZieveG. W.2005LSm proteins form heptameric rings that bind to RNA via repeating motifs’, Trends Biochem Sci 30 (9).
39.KufelJ.Bousquet-AntonelliC.BeggsJ. D.TollerveyD.2004Nuclear pre-mRNA decapping and 5’ degradation in yeast require the Lsm28p complex’, Mol Cell Biol, 24 (21), 9646-57.
40.KufelJ.AllmangC.VerdoneL.BeggsJ. D.TollerveyD.2002Lsm proteins are required for normal processing of pre-tRNAs and their efficient association with La-homologous protein Lhp1p’, Mol Cell Biol, 22 (14), 5248 EOF56 EOF
41.KufelJ.AllmangC.VerdoneL.BeggsJ.TollerveyD.2003aA complex pathway for 3’ processing of the yeast U3 snoRNA’, Nucleic Acids Res, 31 (23), 6788 EOF97 EOF
42.KufelJ.AllmangC.PetfalskiE.BeggsJ.TollerveyD.2003bLsm Proteins are required for normal processing and stability of ribosomal RNAs’, J Biol Chem, 278 (4), 2147 EOF56 EOF
43.LeaseR. A.WoodsonS. A.2004Cycling of the Sm-like protein Hfq on the DsrA small regulatory RNA’, J Mol Biol, 344 (5), 1211 EOF23 EOF
44.LefebvreS.BurglenL.ReboulletS.ClermontO.BurletP.ViolletL.BenichouB.CruaudC.MillasseauP.ZevianiM.et al.1995Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene’, Cell, 80 (1), 155 EOF65 EOF
45.LernerM. R.SteitzJ. A.1979Antibodies to small nuclear RNAs complexed with proteins are produced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 76 (11), 5495 EOF5499 EOF
46.LiZ.LeeI.MoradiE.HungN. J.JohnsonA. W.MarcotteE. M.2009Rational extension of the ribosome biogenesis pathway using network-guided genetics’, PLoS Biol, 7 (10), e1000213 EOF
47.LichtK.MedenbachJ.LuerhmannR.KambachC.BindereifA.2008cyclic phosphorylation of U6 snRNA leads to recruitment of recycling factor 110through LSm proteins’, RNA, 14 (8), 1-7.
48.LilleyD. M.2005Structure, folding and mechanisms of ribozymes’, Curr Opin Struct Biol, 15 (3), 313-23.
49.LingS. H.DeckerC. J.WalshM. A.SheM.ParkerR.SongH.2008Crystal structure of human Edc3 and its functional implications’, Mol Cell Biol, 28 (19), 5965 EOF5976 EOF
50.LinkT. M.Valentin-HansenP.BrennanR. G.2009Structure of Escherichia coli Hfq bound to polyriboadenylate RNA’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106 (46), 19292 EOF19297 EOF
51.LiuY.WuN.DongJ.GaoY.ZhangX.MuC.ShaoN.YangG.2010Hfq is a global regulator that controls the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus’, PLoS One, 5 (9):e13069 EOF
52.LivnyJ.WaldorM. K.2007Identification of small RNAs in diverse bacterial species’, Curr Opin Microbiol, 10 (2), 96 EOF101 EOF
53.LuhrmannR.KastnerB.BachM.1990Structure of spliceosomal snRNPs and their role in pre-mRNA splicing’, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1087 (3), 265 EOF92 EOF
54.LyngH.BrovigR. S.SvendsrudD. H.HolmR.KaalhusO.KnutstadK.OksefjellH.SundforK.KristensenG. B.StokkeT.2006Gene expressions and copy numbers associated with metastatic phenotypes of uterine cervical cancer’, BMC Genomics, 7, 268 EOF
55.MaY.DostieJ.DreyfussG.Van DuyneG. D.2005The Gemin6Gemin7 heterodimer from the survival of motor neurons complex has an Sm protein-like structure’, Structure, 13 (6), 883-92.
60.MayesA. E.VerdoneL.LegraineP.JDBeggs1999Characerization of Sm-like proteins in yeast and their association with U6 snRNA ‘, EMBO J, 18 (15), 4321-31.
61.MollI.LeitschD.SteinhauserT.BlasiU.2003RNA chaperone activity of the Sm-like Hfq protein’, EMBO Rep, 4 (3), 284 EOF9 EOF
63.MoritaT.MochizukiY.AibaH.2006Translational repression is sufficient for gene silencing by bacterial small noncoding RNAs in the absence of mRNA destruction’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103 (13), 4858 EOF4863 EOF
64.MuraC.PhillipsM.KozhukhovskyA.EisenbergD.2003Structure and assembly of an augmented Sm-like archaeal protein 14mer’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100 (8), 4539-44.
65.NaidooN.HarropS. J.SobtiM.HaynesP. A.SzymczynaB. R.WilliamsonJ. R.CurmiP. M. G.MabbuttB. C.2008Crystal Structure of Lsm3 Octamer from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Implications for Lsm Ring Organisation and Recruitment’, J Mol Biol,377135771
66.NissanT.RajyaguruP.SheM.SongH.ParkerR.2010Decapping activators in Saccharomyces cerevisiae act by multiple mechanisms’, Mol Cell, 39 (5), 773 EOF783 EOF
68.ParkerR.ShethU.2007P Bodies and the control of mRNA Translation and Degradation’, Mol Cell, 25 (5), 635 EOF646 EOF
69.PatelS. B.BelliniM.2008The assembly of a spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle’, Nucleic Acids Res, 36 (20), 6482 EOF6493 EOF
70.PengR.GallwitzD.2004Multiple SNARE interactions of an SM protein: Sed5Sly1pbinding is dispensable for transport’, EMBO J, 23 (20), 3939-49.
71.PomeranzKrummel. D. A.OubridgeC.LeungA. K.LiJ.NagaiK.2009Crystal structure of human spliceosomal U1 snRNP at 5.5 A resolution’, Nature, 458 (7237), 475 EOF480 EOF
72.PozzoliU.SironiM.CaglianiR.ComiG. P.BardoniA.BresolinN.2002Comparative analysis of the human dystrophin and utrophin gene structures’, Genetics, 160 (2), 793 EOF8 EOF
74.RaderS. D.GuthrieC.2002A conserved Lsm-interaction motif in Prp24 required for efficient U4/U6 di-snRNP formation’, RNA, 8 (11), 1378 EOF1392 EOF
75.RakerV. A.HartmuthK.KastnerB.LuhrmannR.1999Spliceosomal U snRNP core assembly: Sm proteins assemble onto an Sm site RNA nonanucleotide in a specific and thermodynamically stable manner’, Mol Cell Biol, 19 (10), 6554 EOF65 EOF
76.ReijnsM. A.AuchynnikavaT.BeggsJ. D.2009Analysis of Lsm1p and Lsm8p domains in the cellular localization of Lsm complexes in budding yeast’, FEBS J, 276 (13), 3602 EOF3617 EOF
77.ReijnsM. A.AlexanderR. D.SpillerM. P.BeggsJ. D.2008A role for Q/N-rich aggregation-prone regions in P-body localization’, J Cell Sci, 121 (Pt 15), 2463 EOF2472 EOF
78.RosenJ.HeM.UmbrichtC.AlexanderH. R.DackiwA. P.ZeigerM. A.LibuttiS. K.2005A six-gene model for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid tumors on the basis of gene expression’, Surgery, 138 (6), 1050-6; discussion 567
79.RyanD. E.StevensS. W.AbelsonJ.2002The 5’ and 3’ domains of yeast U6 snRNA: Lsm proteins facilitate binding of Prp24 protein to the U6 telestem region’, RNA, 8 (8), 1011 EOF33 EOF
80.Salgado-GarridoJ.Bragado-NielssonE.Kandels-LewisS.SeraphinB.1999Sm and Sm-like proteins assemble in two related complexes of deep evolutionary origin’, EMBO J, 18 (12), 3451 EOF62 EOF
81.SchellerN.MinaL. B.GalaoR. P.ChariA.Gimenez-BarconsM.NoueiryA.FischerU.MeyerhansA.DiezJ.2009Translation and replication of hepatitis C virus genomic RNA depends on ancient cellular proteins that control mRNA fates’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106 (32), 13517 EOF13522 EOF
82.SchumacherPearsonR. F.MollerT.Valentin-HansenP.BrennanR. G.2002Structures of the pleiotropic translational regulator Hfq and an Hfq-RNA complex: a bacterial Sm-like protein’, EMBO J, 21 (13), 3546 EOF56 EOF
83.SchweinfestC. W.GraberM. W.ChapmanJ. M.PapasT. S.BaronP. L.WatsonD. K.1997CaSm: an Sm-like protein that contributes to the transformed state in cancer cells’, Cancer Res, 57 (14), 2961 EOF5 EOF
84.SelenkoP.SprangersR.StierG.BuhlerD.FischerU.SattlerM.2001SMN tudor domain structure and its interaction with the Sm proteins’, Nat Struct Biol, 8 (1), 27 EOF31 EOF
85.ShethU.ParkerR.2003Decapping and decay of messenger RNA occur in cytoplasmic processing bodies’, Science, 300 (5620), 805 EOF8 EOF
86.SobtiM.CubedduL.HaynesP. A.MabbuttB. C.2010Engineered rings of mixed yeast Lsm proteins show differential interactions with translation factors and U-rich RNA’, Biochemistry, 49 (11), 2335 EOF2345 EOF
88.SpillerM. P.BoonK. L.ReijnsM. A.BeggsJ. D.2007The Lsm28complex determines nuclear localization of the spliceosomal U6 snRNA’, Nucleic Acids Res, 35 (3), 923-9.
89.StorzG.OpdykeJ. A.ZhangA.2004Controlling mRNA stability and translation with small, noncoding RNAs’, Curr Opin Microbiol, 7 (2), 140 EOF4 EOF
90.StreicherK. L.YangZ. Q.DraghiciS.EthierS. P.2007Transforming function of the LSM1 oncogene in human breast cancers with the 81112amplicon’, Oncogene, 26 (14), 2104-14.
91.SukhodoletsM. V.GargesS.2003Interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with the ribosomal protein S1 and the Sm-like ATPase Hfq’, Biochemistry, 42 (26), 8022 EOF34 EOF
92.TharunS.HeW.MayesA. E.LennertzP.BeggsJ. D.ParkerR.2000Yeast Sm-like proteins function in mRNA decapping and decay’, Nature, 404 (6777), 515 EOF8 EOF
93.ThoreS.MayerC.SauterC.WeeksS.SuckD.2003Crystal structures of the Pyrococcus abyssi Sm core and its complex with RNA. Common features of RNA binding in archaea and eukarya’, J Biol Chem, 278 (2), 1239 EOF47 EOF
95.ToroI.BasquinJ.Teo-DreherH.SuckD.2002Archaeal Sm proteins form heptameric and hexameric complexes: crystal structures of the Sm1 and Sm2 proteins from the hyperthermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus’, J Mol Biol, 320 (1), 129 EOF42 EOF
96.ToroI.ThoreStephane.MayerClaudine.BasquinJerome.SeraphinBertrand.SuckDietrich.2001RNA binding in an Sm core domain: X-ray structure and functional analysis of an archeal Sm protein complex’, EMBO J, 20 (9), 2293-303.
97.TritschlerF.EulalioA.TruffaultV.HartmannM. D.HelmsS.SchmidtS.ColesM.IzaurraldeE.WeichenriederO.2007A divergent Sm fold in EDC3 proteins mediates DCP1 binding and P-body targeting’, Mol Cell Biol, 27 (24), 8600 EOF11 EOF
98.TsuiH. C.LeungH. C.WinklerM. E.1994Characterization of broadly pleiotropic phenotypes caused by an hfq insertion mutation in Escherichia coli K-12’, Mol Microbiol, 13 (1), 35 EOF49 EOF
99.TuckerM.Valencia-SanchezM. A.StaplesR. R.ChenJ.DenisC. L.ParkerR.2001The transcription factor associated Ccr4 and Caf1 proteins are components of the major cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae’, Cell, 104 (3), 377 EOF86 EOF
100.UrlaubH.RakerV. A.KostkaS.LuhrmannR.2001Sm protein-Sm site RNA interactions within the inner ring of the spliceosomal snRNP core structure’, EMBO J, 20 (1-2), 187 EOF96 EOF
102.VeretnikS.WillsC.YoukharibacheP.ValasR. E.BourneP. E.2009Sm/Lsm genes provide a glimpse into the early evolution of the spliceosome’, PLoS Comput Biol, 5 (3), e1000315 EOF
103.WahlM. C.WillC. L.LuhrmannR.2009The spliceosome: design principles of a dynamic RNP machine’, Cell, 136 (4), 701 EOF718 EOF
104.WanL.BattleD. J.YongJ.GubitzA. K.KolbS. J.WangJ.DreyfussG.2005The survival of motor neurons protein determines the capacity for snRNP assembly: biochemical deficiency in spinal muscular atrophy’, Mol Cell Biol, 25 (13), 5543 EOF51 EOF
105.WassarmanK. M.RepoilaF.RosenowC.StorzG.GottesmanS.2001Identification of novel small RNAs using comparative genomics and microarrays’, Genes Dev, 15 (13), 1637 EOF51 EOF
106.WeberG.TrowitzschS.KastnerB.LuhrmannR.WahlM. C.2010Functional organization of the Sm core in the crystal structure of human U1 snRNP’, EMBO J, 29 (24), 4172 EOF4184 EOF
109.WolinS. L.CedervallT.2002The La protein’, Annu Rev Biochem,71375403
110.YanY.RubinchikS.WoodA. L.GillandersW. E.DongJ. Y.WatsonD. K.ColeD. J.2006Bystander effect contributes to the antitumor efficacy of CaSm antisense gene therapy in a preclinical model of advanced pancreatic cancer’, Mol Ther, 13 (2), 357 EOF65 EOF