Perspective Chapter: Unlocking Energy and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development in Nigeria – The Role of Energy Research Centers

Abstract

Amid global challenges like climate change and resource depletion, Nigeria’s pursuit of low-carbon energy resources teeters on the brink. Nigeria grapples with the delicate balance between economic growth, environmental stewardship, and energy security. Energy and natural resources are crucial to modern society, playing a pivotal role in economic development, environmental sustainability, and overall human well-being. In response to these challenges, the national energy research centers have emerged as vital institutions that can contribute to the development of sustainable innovations that would catalyze the transition to a low-carbon economy. Unlocking these potential hinges on cutting-edge research tailored to drive innovation, influence policy, and promote responsible resource management. Investing in research holds the potential to facilitate Nigeria’s transition to a low-carbon economy. These research centers can act as catalysts for unleashing the full potential of Nigeria’s energy and natural resources contributing to global efforts to combat climate change while ensuring economic growth and energy security for the populations. Achieving these objectives requires an increased investment in avant-garde research, which would propel Nigeria toward a future characterized by sustainability and prosperity and paving the way for a resilient and environmentally conscious path to long-term development.

1. Introduction

The exponential growth in the world’s population places strain on natural resources demand. Major countries around the world are strengthening their resource strategies to guarantee long-term stable supply. With a rise from 30 billion tons in 1970 to 70 billion tons in 2010, the world’s yearly material extraction has increased dramatically [1]. Global energy markets are experiencing significant transformations, with growing demand from emerging economies, increasing awareness of environmental considerations, and advances in new technologies. Energy and natural resources are essential pillars of the global economy, exerting a profound impact on the development of the world’s energy landscape. They encompass various materials, components, and equipment utilized in the production, conversion, and distribution of renewable, and conventional energy sources. As key elements of the global economy, they play a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of energy development worldwide.

Africa possesses abundant natural resources, including oil, gas, coal, minerals, and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass yet faces severe energy deficiencies, with a large portion of its population lacking access to modern energy services [2, 3, 4, 5]. This paradox emphasizes a critical challenge facing the continent, where abundant resources coexist with pervasive energy poverty. Energy poverty not only impacts the daily lives of millions but also impedes the region’s potential for economic growth and social advancement. It stands as a critical indicator closely tied to the well-being, health, gender equality, poverty levels, and food security of households and nations [2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].

Africa’s excessive reliance on fossil fuels has perpetuated the cycle of energy poverty, characterized by inadequate access to electricity, clean fuel, and modern energy infrastructure. Millions of Africans lack access to reliable electricity, relying instead on inefficient and environmentally harmful energy sources such as biomass, kerosene, and diesel generators [13]. Within the framework of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), several goals specifically address energy and natural resources, underscoring the importance of promoting sustainable practices and ensuring access to clean energy for all. SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15 (Life on Land) collectively aim to advance sustainable energy and natural resource management practices. Energy poverty (SDG 7) and greenhouse gas emissions (SDG 13) represent significant hurdles on the path toward achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. The dual challenges of energy poverty and climate change necessitate urgent action to transition toward cleaner, more sustainable energy systems. By investing in renewable energy infrastructure, improving energy efficiency, and promoting inclusive energy access, African nations can unlock opportunities for economic growth, environmental conservation, and social development.

In the heart of Africa lies Nigeria, a nation richly endowed with a plethora of energy resources, ranging from conventional non-renewable sources to vast reserves of renewable energy like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass [14, 15] (Tables 1–3). Despite this wealth of resources, Nigeria continues to grapple with the scourge of energy poverty, with a significant portion of its population deprived of access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services. This dissonance between resource abundance and energy prosperity accentuates the complexities inherent in addressing energy poverty. Nigeria’s energy landscape presents a paradoxical narrative. On the one hand, the country boasts substantial reserves of oil and natural gas, making it a prominent player in the global energy market. On the other hand, the potential offered by renewable energy sources remains largely untapped, despite their abundance and suitability for sustainable development. As a result, millions of Nigerians continue to endure the hardships of inadequate energy access, hindering socio-economic progress and perpetuating cycles of poverty.

S/No	Resource type	Reserves (natural units)		Product level (natural units)	Utilization (natural units)
1	Light crude oil	37.06 billion bbl (as of 2017)		2.5 million barrels/day (as of 2014)	316,000 bbl/day (as at 2015)
2	Natural gas	5.284 trillion cubic meter (CUM) (as of 2017)		45.15 billion CUM (as of 2014)	26.86 billion CUM (as of 2015)
3	Coal and lignite	2.734 billion tonnes		Insignificant	Insignificant
4	Tar sands	31 billion barrels of oil equivalent		—	—
5	Large hydropower	11,250 MW		1938 MW (167.4 million MWh/day)	167.4 million MWh/day
6	Small hydropower	3500 MW		30 MW (2.6 million MWh/day)	2.6 million MWh/day
7	Solar radiation	3.5–7.0 kWh/m^2/day (485.1 million MWh/day using 0.1% Nigeria land area)		Excess of 240 kWp of solar PV or 0.01 million MWh/day	Excess of 0.01 million MWph/day of solar PV
8	Wind	2–4 m/s at 10 m height		—	—
9	Biomass	Fuelwood	11 million hectares of forest and woodland	0.110 million tonnes/day	0.120 million tonnes/day
		Animal waste	245 million assorted in 2001	0.781 million tonnes of waste/day	245 million assorted in 2001
		Energy drops and agricultural residues	72 million hectares of agricultural land and all wastelands	72 million hectares of agricultural land and all wastelands	72 million hectares of agricultural land and all wastelands
10	Nuclear element		Not yet quantified	—	—

Table 1.

Energy resources of Nigeria.

S/No	Region	State	Research center	Host university	Year founded	Research role
1	North-East (NE)	Adamawa; Bauchi; Borno; Gombe; Taraba; Yobe	National Center for Petroleum Research and Development (NCPRD)	Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi State	2008	Petroleum
2	North-West (NW)	Jigawa; Kaduna; Kano; Katsina; Kebbi; Sokoto; Zamfara	Sokoto Energy Research Center (SERC)	Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto State	1982	Solar and renewable energy
3	South-South (SS)	Akwa Ibom; Bayelsa; Cross River; Rivers; Delta; Edo	National Center for Energy and Environment (NCEE)	University of Benin, Edo State	2009	Energy and environment
4	North-Central (NC)	Benue; Kogi; Kwara; Nasarawa; Niger; Plateau FCT	National Center for Hydropower Research and Development (NCHRD)	University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State	2008	Hydropower
5	South East (SE)	Abia; Anambra; Ebonyi; Enugu; Imo	The National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD)	University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State	1980	Solar and renewable energy
6	South-West (SW)	Ekiti; Lagos; Ogun; Ondo; Osun; Oyo	National Center for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (NCEEC)	University of Lagos, Lagos State	2008	Energy efficiency and conservation

Table 2.

Regional distribution of energy research centers in Nigeria.

Resource type	Reserves	Reserve billion metric tons of oil equivalent (BToE)
Crude oil	36.2 billion barrels	4896
Natural gas	166 trillion standard cubic feet (SCF)	4465
Coal and lignite	2.7 billion tonnes	1882
Tar sands	31 billion barrels of oil equivalent	4216
Subtotal fossil	15,459
Hydropower large scale	11,000 MW
Hydropower small scale	3250 MW
Fuelwood	13,071,464 ha
Animal waste	61 million tonnes/year
Crop residue	83 million tones/year
Solar radiation	3.5–7.0 kW h/m^2/day
Wind	2–4 m/s annual average at height 10 m

Table 3.

Nigeria’s energy reserve/capacity.

According to the World Bank, nearly 45% of Nigeria’s population still struggles with the darkness of energy deprivation, equating to approximately 99 million individuals living without access to electricity [16]. This staggering statistic underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies and concerted efforts to bridge the gap between energy availability and accessibility, ensuring that Nigeria’s energy wealth translates into tangible benefits for its citizens. The urgent need for a transition to cleaner energy sources offers a dual opportunity for Nigeria [7]. Firstly, it presents a chance to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel dependency, including air pollution and climate change. Secondly, it unlocks potential economic benefits through enhanced energy access (Table 2) and the adoption of modular renewable energy technologies, fostering economic growth and social development. Despite facing numerous challenges within its energy sector, including inadequate electricity generation capacity and unreliable power supply, Nigeria stands at a pivotal moment in its energy transition journey. By prioritizing renewable energy investments, implementing supportive policies, and fostering innovation, Nigeria can pave the way toward a sustainable and resilient energy future.

2. Energy and natural resource potential in Nigeria

Nigeria boasts significant energy and natural resource potential, including vast reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind (Table 1) [9, 10]. However, challenges such as energy poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation accentuate the need for sustainable development strategies. With substantial proven oil reserves estimated at over 37 billion barrels, Nigeria ranks among the top oil-producing nations globally. The Niger Delta region, particularly, has been a focal point of oil exploration and production, driving significant revenue for the country. Additionally, Nigeria’s vast natural gas reserves have positioned it as a key player in the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) market. Leveraging these resources efficiently presents an avenue for economic diversification and energy security.

Beyond oil and gas, Nigeria has significant reserves of coal, lithium, uranium, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs). Coal, historically utilized for electricity generation and industrial processes, faces environmental challenges but is still utilized to a limited extent for energy production [13]. Lithium-ion batteries have become increasingly important for storing energy from renewable sources like solar and wind power. Lithium, a lightweight metal, is a key component of these batteries due to its high energy density and rechargeability. Demand for lithium has surged with the growth of electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems. Uranium is a radioactive element used as fuel in nuclear power plants to produce electricity. Nuclear energy is a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels, emitting negligible greenhouse gases during electricity generation. Cobalt is another critical component of lithium-ion batteries, serving to stabilize their performance and increase energy density. REEs in the Southwestern and Southeastern of Nigeria are a group of 17 elements crucial for various clean energy technologies, including wind turbines, electric vehicles, and energy-efficient lighting. These minerals are essential for the production of magnets, catalysts, and phosphors used in these applications.

2.1 Carbon emissions and footprint in Nigeria

Despite its rich energy resources, Nigeria stands at a crossroads, grappling with the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions and environmental degradation while harnessing its abundant energy and natural resources to drive sustainable development [17]. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, energy consumption patterns, and deforestation contribute to rising emissions, exacerbating climate change impacts, and threatening public health and ecosystems. As Nigeria continues to develop and industrialize, the issue of carbon emissions and its environmental footprint has become increasingly significant. As of 2022, carbon emissions from the power sector in Nigeria reached around 11.8 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The country’s energy sector, dominated by fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, remains a primary source of carbon emissions. Additionally, deforestation, agricultural practices, and industrial activities contribute to the nation’s carbon footprint.

In line with the country’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Nigeria has committed to cutting emissions by 20% by 2030, comparable to current levels, with the potential to cut emissions by up to 45% with assistance from international sources [18]. To achieve this, the government has taken several steps to encourage investment in renewable energy, such as creating a feed-in tariff system for renewable energy projects and establishing the Nigerian Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) [18]. With the efforts to diversify the energy mix and promote renewable energy sources, the transition remains gradual, resulting in persistent reliance on carbon-intensive fuels. Nigeria recently took on three significant pledges at the Conference of Parties (COP26) in 2021, two of which are to reach net-zero emissions by 2060.

However, to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs) and CO₂ emissions, international organizations such as; the United Nations (U.N.), European Union (E.U.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have suggested carbon tax should be a policy instrument for achieving a given reduction target among numerous administrative reforms and policies including energy transition, environmental related taxes, emission disclosure standards, and emission trading schemes [19]. The carbon tax imposed on CO₂ emissions or carbon content of fossil fuels prevents enterprises from using excess fossil fuels [18]. In spite of the challenges, Nigeria possesses significant opportunities to mitigate its carbon emissions and pursue sustainable development pathways. Transitioning toward renewable energy sources presents a viable solution to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and curb emissions. Effective policy frameworks and institutional mechanisms are essential to drive carbon mitigation efforts in Nigeria. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, enforcing environmental standards, and incentivizing low-carbon investments are crucial steps toward achieving emissions reduction targets.

2.1.1 Nigeria’s policies on carbon emissions

Nigeria, like many other countries, has recognized the importance of addressing carbon emissions and reducing carbon footprints to mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development. Various Energy Policies and Initiatives such as Nigeria’s National Energy Policy outline the country’s energy development goals and strategies. The policy emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy development, including increasing the share of renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts, including carbon emissions. Nigeria is also implementing policies and programs to promote renewable energy development as part of its energy mix diversification and carbon emissions reduction efforts. This includes the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy, which aims to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower to Nigeria’s energy supply. Nigerian has also launched the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), which seeks to increase the use of renewable energy to 30% by 2030. The plan also aims to increase energy efficiency by 20%.

Improving energy efficiency is a priority in Nigeria’s energy policies to reduce carbon emissions and enhance energy security. The Energy Commission of Nigeria and Standard Organization of Nigeria have introduced energy efficiency standards and labeling programs for appliances and equipment, as well as initiatives to promote energy-efficient practices in industries, buildings, transportation, and agriculture. Also, other policies are focusing on expanding natural gas infrastructure and increasing domestic gas utilization for power generation, industrial processes, and transportation to reduce carbon emissions.

While Nigeria has not yet implemented a comprehensive carbon pricing mechanism, discussions around carbon pricing and market-based mechanisms to incentivize emission reductions and promote low-carbon investments have been ongoing. The government has expressed interest in exploring options such as emissions trading schemes and carbon taxation to mitigate carbon emissions. Nigeria is a signatory to international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, which commits countries to take actions to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nigeria’s energy policies align with its commitments under the Paris Agreement, and the country has submitted its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining its targets for emission reductions and climate adaptation measures.

Nigeria is investing in research and development initiatives to support clean energy technologies, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and other innovative solutions to reduce carbon emissions from energy production and consumption. Overall, Nigeria’s energy policies aim to promote sustainable energy development, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigate carbon emissions to address climate change challenges while supporting economic growth and energy security objectives. Continued implementation of these policies, coupled with efforts to strengthen institutional capacity, mobilize investments, and enhance international cooperation, will be crucial for achieving Nigeria’s energy and climate goals.

An increasing body of research has highlighted efforts to reduce global energy-related CO₂ emissions in order to reach the carbon neutral (CN) objective [20, 21, 22]. Carbon neutrality is attained when the amount of CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere through economic activities is equal to the amount of CO₂ absorbed in carbon sinks such as soil, forest, and ocean through a process known as carbon sequestration [23]. According to Zou et al. [21], carbon neutrality is the point at which human economic interference with global climate systems has negligible discernible consequences.

3. Energy Commission of Nigeria Research Centers

The Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN), established by Act No. 62 of 1979 and subsequently amended by Act No. 32 of 1988 and Act No. 19 of 1989, plays a pivotal role in strategically planning and coordinating national energy policies across diverse domains. Empowered by its mandate, the ECN functions as the primary governmental body responsible for overseeing energy sector planning and policy implementation. It actively advocates for the diversification of energy sources, promoting the development and efficient utilization of existing resources, while also leading the integration of new and alternative energy options such as Solar, Wind, Biomass, and Nuclear Energy. In addition to its core responsibilities, the Commission serves as a central repository for gathering and disseminating information on national energy policy. It acts as a focal point for resolving technical issues arising from policy implementation and provides advisory services to the Federal and State Governments on energy-related matters upon request. The ECN also develops periodic master plans for the balanced and coordinated advancement of energy in Nigeria, in consultation with relevant government agencies. These plans include recommendations for exploiting new energy sources and other initiatives deemed beneficial to national interests. The Commission establishes guidelines for the utilization of different energy types for specific purposes and investigates funding adequacy in the energy sector, offering recommendations to the government on aspects such as research and development, production, and distribution. It analyzes and publishes pertinent energy information from diverse sources and monitors the sector’s performance in alignment with government energy policies.

The ECN collaborates with international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency, and World Energy Council to foster global partnerships and knowledge exchange. It also promotes training and capacity-building initiatives within the energy sector and undertakes any additional tasks as directed by the government. To enhance its coordination (Figure 1) and formulation of well-informed policies regarding renewable energy, energy efficiency, and resource management, the ECN established energy research centers to advance knowledge and technologies across diverse energy sectors, encompassing fossil fuels, renewable energy, and energy efficiency (Table 2). The ECN meticulously formulates long-term energy plans, strategies, and forecasts to guide Nigeria’s energy sector toward sustainability. It systematically collects, analyzes, and disseminates energy data and statistics through its research Centers to inform policy decisions, guide investment planning, and facilitate project implementation nationwide.

Figure 1.

Coordination of different research centers under ECN.

Moreover, the ECN assumes a pivotal role in advocating for renewable energy sources, offering incentives, technical support, and capacity-building initiatives to promote the adoption and utilization of renewable energy technologies across Nigeria. Through fostering innovation, collaboration, and knowledge exchange, the ECN remains resolute in propelling Nigeria’s energy transition toward a sustainable and prosperous future. Research centers under energy commissions typically focus on various aspects of energy production, distribution, efficiency, and sustainability. The mandates of ECN’s energy research centers are tailored to leverage the comparative advantages of the geopolitical regions in which they are situated (Figure 2). These mandates are designed to align with the goals and priorities established by the overseeing energy commission.

Figure 2.

Distribution of energy research centers in the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria.

3.1 National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD)

NCERD established in the Southeast (SE) region of Nigeria is one of the flagship research Centers under the Energy Commission of Nigeria. It focuses on conducting research, development, and demonstration activities in various areas of energy, including renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency, and energy policy analysis.

3.2 National Center for Hydropower Research and Development (NCHRD)

NCHRD established in the North-Central (NC) region of Nigeria is dedicated to research and development efforts related to hydropower generation in Nigeria. It aims to explore the country’s hydropower potential, improve hydropower technologies, and promote sustainable hydropower development practices.

3.3 National Center for Petroleum Research and Development (NCPRD)

NCPRD established in the North-East (NE) focuses on research and development activities in the petroleum sector, including exploration, production, refining, and utilization of petroleum resources. It aims to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness of Nigeria’s petroleum industry.

3.4 National Center for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (NCEEC)

NCEEC established in the South-West (SW) region focuses on research and development efforts aimed at promoting energy efficiency and conservation practices across different sectors of the economy. It conducts studies, develops standards, and provides recommendations to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in Nigeria.

3.5 The Sokoto Energy Research Center (SERC)

SERC established in the North-West (NW) of Nigeria is one of the prominent research Centers under the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). The Center is specifically focused on research and development efforts related to renewable energy and energy efficiency in Nigeria, with a particular emphasis on the North-West region.

3.6 National Center for Energy and Environment (NCEE)

NCEE was established in the South-South (SS) region of Nigeria and is one of the research Centers under the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). The NCEE focuses on research, development, and promotion of sustainable energy and environmental practices in Nigeria. NCEE conducts research on various aspects of energy and the environment, including renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency, climate change mitigation, and environmental sustainability. The Center explores innovative solutions to address energy challenges while minimizing environmental impacts.

4. Collaborative strategies of the energy research centers

Energy Research Centers (ERCs) work together to create a research ecosystem characterized by collaboration, innovation, and impact. By establishing collaborative networks, engaging in joint research projects, sharing resources, providing training and capacity-building opportunities, disseminating knowledge, and engaging in policy advocacy, research centers contribute to the advancement of knowledge, the development of human capital, and the translation of research into meaningful societal outcomes. As Nigeria continues to navigate the complex challenges of energy security and sustainability, the role of energy research centers becomes increasingly crucial. These centers serve as hubs of innovation, driving advancements in technology, policy, and industry practices. Collaboration among these centers can foster innovation, drive technological advancements, and accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources. To achieve visible progress in the research and development programs of the Commission, ERCs must work together to establish a research ecosystem and realize Nigeria’s vision of becoming a regional renewable energy powerhouse. This entails employing various strategies to address the nation’s energy needs and foster sustainable development. Key strategies include:

4.1 Knowledge sharing and collaboration

Knowledge sharing and collaboration among energy research centers in Nigeria are fundamental pillars for fostering innovation and addressing the nation’s energy challenges. By actively exchanging insights, data, and expertise, these centers collectively advance research, drive technological innovations, and accelerate the adoption of sustainable energy solutions. The energy research centers across Nigeria have established platforms for sharing research findings, best practices, and resources. Platforms for knowledge sharing and collaboration include online forums, workshops, seminars, and conferences. These are spaces established for researchers to interact and exchange ideas. These platforms facilitate the dissemination of knowledge and the formation of collaborative networks to address common challenges and leverage diverse expertise. This sharing of knowledge fosters a culture of collaboration and accelerates progress toward renewable energy goals.

4.2 Interdisciplinary research initiatives

Interdisciplinary research initiatives are pivotal for energy research centers in Nigeria to address the multifaceted challenges of the energy sector comprehensively. By integrating expertise from diverse disciplines, such as engineering, environmental science, economics, social sciences, and policy studies, these initiatives generate innovative solutions that are both technically sound and socially relevant. Energy research centers foster interdisciplinary research initiatives by identifying research priorities that require interdisciplinary approaches such as renewable energy integration, energy access in rural communities, sustainable urban planning, and the socioeconomic impacts of energy transitions. By aligning research agendas with societal needs, interdisciplinary initiatives can produce research outcomes with tangible benefits. Also, energy research centers initiate cross-cutting research projects that leverage expertise from different disciplines to address complex energy challenges. For example, a research project on solar energy deployment may involve engineers designing efficient photovoltaic systems, environmental scientists assessing the environmental impacts, economists analyzing the cost-effectiveness, and sociologists studying community acceptance and participation. By integrating diverse perspectives, these projects can produce holistic solutions that account for technical, environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Energy research centers also promote interdisciplinary training and education programs to prepare researchers for collaborative work across disciplines. These programs include interdisciplinary courses, workshops, seminars, and experiential learning opportunities. By fostering interdisciplinary skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, energy research centers cultivate a new generation of researchers capable of addressing complex energy challenges in a holistic manner. These initiatives can provide comprehensive solutions to complex energy issues and facilitate the integration of renewable energy technologies into Nigeria’s energy landscape.

4.3 Joint funding and resource mobilization

Pooling resources through joint funding mechanisms enhances the capacity of energy research centers to undertake ambitious projects. Collaborative grant applications and partnerships with government agencies, industry stakeholders, and international organizations provide the necessary funding and support for impactful research endeavors. ERCs form consortia and networks with other research institutions, universities, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to access funding opportunities and share resources. Collaborative research consortia strengthen grant applications, enhance competitiveness, and enable resource sharing among partner institutions. Networks facilitate knowledge exchange, collaboration, and coordination of research efforts across different organizations. Energy commission research centers (ECRCs) establish strategic alliances with academic institutions, research laboratories, and industry associations through formal agreements such as memorandum of understandings (MoUs) to facilitate joint funding and resource mobilization efforts. These alliances enable collaborative research, technology transfer, and capacity-building initiatives that benefit all parties involved.

4.4 Infrastructure sharing and capacity building

Sharing research infrastructure and facilities optimizes resource utilization and reduces duplication of efforts. Additionally, collaborative training programs and workshops can enhance the skills and expertise of researchers, technicians, and students across different centers, thereby strengthening the research ecosystem.

4.5 Stakeholder engagement and policy advocacy

ERCs collectively engage with policymakers, industry leaders, and civil society organizations to advocate for supportive policies and regulations conducive to renewable energy development. By providing evidence-based recommendations and expert insights, research centers influence decision-making processes and drive the adoption of renewable energy technologies.

5. Recent projects by Nigeria’s energy research centers

Through various initiatives and collaborations, the ECN’s research centers have made significant strides in harnessing clean energy resources, promoting sustainable livelihoods, and remedying environmental issues. One of the notable projects undertaken by the ECN’s research centers is the Professional Training Courses on Solar Photovoltaic Installation (SPVI). In collaboration with partners such as the European Union (EU), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the centers provided comprehensive training to equip individuals with the skills needed to install and maintain solar photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, special attention was given to empowering women and youth through training programs focused on renewable energy technologies, thus fostering inclusivity and diversity within the sector. In addition to SPVI, the ECN’s research centers conducted training sessions on Solar Thermal Systems for Experts and Professionals, in collaboration with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). These programs aim to enhance the expertise and proficiency of professionals in utilizing solar thermal systems, thereby contributing to the widespread adoption of sustainable energy solutions across various sectors.

Recognizing the importance of energy efficiency in mitigating environmental impact and reducing energy consumption, the ECN’s research centers have undertaken several initiatives in this area. Through the Training-of-Trainers (ToT) program on Energy Audit and Energy Management, funded by the German Government under the Nigerian Energy Support Program (NESP), professionals were equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to conduct energy audits and implement effective energy management practices. By promoting energy efficiency measures, these initiatives not only contribute to cost savings but also help in reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainability. Furthermore, the centers have spearheaded activities aimed at retrofitting incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). This simple yet effective measure not only helps in reducing energy consumption but also serves as a practical demonstration of energy-efficient lighting solutions. By promoting the adoption of CFLs, the ECN’s research centers play a vital role in advocating for sustainable practices at the grassroots level.

In line with their commitment to environmental sustainability, the ECN’s research centers have developed biogas technologies as a renewable energy source. By utilizing organic waste materials, such as agricultural residues and animal manure, these technologies not only generate clean energy but also contribute to waste management and environmental conservation. Moreover, the centers have been actively involved in environmental forensics and remediation for energy-related activities. By conducting thorough assessments and implementing remedial measures, they address environmental concerns arising from energy utilization practices, thereby promoting responsible and sustainable energy development. The Energy Commission of Nigeria’s research centers have been instrumental in driving forward the agenda of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Through their pioneering projects and collaborative efforts, they have not only advanced technological innovations but also empowered individuals and communities to embrace clean energy solutions. As Nigeria strives toward a greener and more sustainable future, the ECN’s research centers continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the country’s energy landscape for the better.

6. Role of energy research centers in reducing carbon footprint

In Nigeria where energy demands are high and natural resources are abundant reducing the carbon emissions and footprint across various sectors is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals [24]. ERCs play a pivotal role in research and development efforts to reduce energy-related CO₂ emissions in order to reach the carbon neutral (CN) objective. Carbon neutrality is attained when the amount of CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere through economic activities is equal to the amount of CO₂ absorbed in carbon sinks such as soil, forest, and ocean through a process known as carbon sequestration [23]. According to Zou et al. [21], carbon neutrality is the point at which human economic interference with climate systems has negligible discernible consequences. Carbon conversion, emission reduction, and transfer are some of the strategies targeted at achieving carbon neutrality, although many of them are still poorly defined or executed in Nigeria. ERCs’ contributions to achieving carbon neutrality can be categorized into several key areas:

6.1 Advancing clean energy technologies

At the heart of ERC’s mission lies the development of clean and renewable energy technologies. ERCs invest significant resources into exploring and refining alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. as well as energy storage solutions like batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. ERCs conduct fundamental and applied research to improve efficiency, affordability, and scalability. ERCs are at the forefront of developing clean energy technologies tailored to the country’s specific needs and resources. By harnessing the power of innovation, they pave the way for a future where carbon-intensive fossil fuels are gradually phased out in favor of cleaner alternatives. By investing in indigenous clean energy solutions, these centers help reduce Nigeria’s reliance on fossil fuels and lower its carbon emissions. ERCs often serve as testbeds for demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of emerging clean energy technologies at scale. By showcasing real-world applications, they help bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment, thereby accelerating the adoption of clean energy solutions.

6.2 Enhancing energy efficiency

Improving energy efficiency is a key strategy for reducing carbon footprint, and ERCs play a vital role in this endeavor. Through research and development initiatives, they identify opportunities to optimize energy consumption in industries, transportation, and buildings. By promoting the adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices, they contribute to lowering energy demand and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This includes designing more efficient appliances, and industrial processes, as well as implementing smart grid technologies and energy management systems. By reducing energy waste and maximizing the use of resources, energy research Centers contribute significantly to lowering carbon emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In addition to developing new sources of clean energy, energy research Centers are deeply committed to improving energy efficiency across all sectors of the economy. Through rigorous analysis and experimentation, researchers identify opportunities to optimize energy consumption in industries, transportation, and buildings. This includes designing more efficient appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes, as well as implementing smart grid technologies and energy management systems.

6.3 Promoting renewable energy integration

ERCs collaborate with stakeholders to promote the seamless integration of renewable energy into Nigeria’s energy mix. They work on grid modernization initiatives, energy storage solutions, and demand-side management strategies to facilitate the integration of solar, wind, and other renewable sources into the existing energy infrastructure. By bolstering the reliability and stability of renewable energy systems, the Centers accelerate the transition toward a low-carbon energy future. However, the deployment of renewable energy technologies remains relatively low, constrained by challenges such as policy inconsistency, limited financing options, and technical barriers. Promoting renewable energy integration is essential for reducing carbon footprints and transitioning toward a more sustainable energy future.

6.4 Advancing carbon capture and storage (CCS)

Given Nigeria’s significant role as an oil-producing nation, ERCs focus on developing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to mitigate emissions from fossil fuel-based industries. These Centers conduct research on cost-effective CO₂ capture methods and explore suitable storage sites, laying the groundwork for the deployment of CCS projects across the country. By capturing and sequestering carbon emissions, they help Nigeria meet its climate goals while sustaining its energy-intensive industries. They also investigate safe and effective ways to store captured carbon underground, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and exacerbating global warming. By advancing CCS solutions, energy research centers offer a viable pathway for reducing the carbon footprint of fossil fuel-based energy generation while facilitating a smoother transition to cleaner energy sources.

6.5 Policy development and advocacy

ERCs collaborate with the government and other stakeholders to develop and advocate for policies that promote clean energy adoption and carbon reduction initiatives. They provide evidence-based recommendations, conduct policy analysis, and facilitate stakeholder dialogs to inform the design and implementation of effective energy policies. By driving policy change and creating an enabling regulatory environment, ERCs support Nigeria’s transition toward a sustainable, low-carbon energy sector. ERCs advocate for renewable energy incentives, energy efficiency standards, carbon pricing mechanisms, and other policy measures to promote sustainable energy development, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate climate change impacts.

ERCs have been instrumental in advocating for renewable energy deployment and supporting policy reforms to create an enabling environment for sustainable energy development in Nigeria. Through policy analysis, research reports, and stakeholder engagement, ERCs have provided evidence-based recommendations to policymakers, legislators, and regulators on the need for renewable energy incentives, feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and regulatory reforms. This advocacy has led to the development and implementation of supportive policies and programs, such as the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), and Renewable Energy Policy (RE Policy), which aim to promote the deployment of renewable energy technologies and attract investment in the sector. ERCs have also collaborated with government agencies, industry associations, and civil society organizations to raise awareness about the socio-economic and environmental benefits of renewable energy and build consensus for policy action.

6.6 Capacity building and knowledge sharing

ERCs play a crucial role in building local capacity and fostering knowledge sharing in the energy sector. Through training programs, workshops, and technical assistance initiatives, they empower researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals with the skills and expertise needed to drive innovation and sustainable development. By nurturing a culture of learning and collaboration, these Centers contribute to long-term solutions for reducing Nigeria’s carbon footprint and building resilience to climate change.

ERCs play a vital role in education and capacity building by providing training programs, workshops, and seminars to build the skills and knowledge of energy professionals, policymakers, and stakeholders. They offer professional development programs, and hands-on training in renewable energy technologies, energy management practices, and sustainability principles. ERCs also support research scholarships, fellowships, and internships to cultivate the next generation of energy leaders and innovators, fostering a skilled workforce capable of driving sustainable energy transitions.

ERCs raise public awareness and promote knowledge dissemination on sustainable energy issues through outreach programs, public lectures, and media campaigns. They communicate scientific findings, policy insights, and best practices to inform and empower communities, decision-makers, and stakeholders to take action on energy sustainability. ERCs engage in community outreach, environmental education, and public engagement initiatives to foster a culture of energy conservation, environmental stewardship, and sustainable development at the local, national, and global levels.

Overall, ERCs play a multifaceted role in advancing sustainable energy development by driving innovation, informing policy, building capacity, fostering collaboration, and raising awareness. Their contributions are essential for achieving the goals of energy security, environmental protection, and socio-economic prosperity in a rapidly changing energy landscape. By harnessing the collective expertise and resources of ERCs, societies can accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future and address the pressing challenges of climate change, energy poverty, and resource scarcity facing the world today.

6.7 Technology transfer and commercialization

ERCs facilitate technology transfer and commercialization by translating research findings into practical applications, products, and services for the market. They collaborate with industry partners, startups, and entrepreneurs to pilot, scale, and commercialize innovative energy technologies and solutions. ERCs provide technical assistance, incubation support, and access to funding and resources to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies, fostering economic growth, job creation, and market competitiveness in the energy sector.

6.8 Specialized training programs and courses

ERCs organize specialized training programs, workshops, and courses tailored to various aspects of energy research, technology, and management. These programs cover topics such as renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency measures, energy policy and regulation, sustainable energy systems, and climate change mitigation strategies. Participants, including students, researchers, professionals, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, benefit from hands-on learning experiences, expert lectures, and interactive sessions conducted by leading experts in the field. The training programs are designed to enhance participants’ technical skills, analytical capabilities, and problem-solving abilities, preparing them for careers in the energy sector and related industries.

6.9 Access to state-of-the-art laboratories and research facilities

ERCs provide access to state-of-the-art laboratories, research facilities, and experimental infrastructure to support hands-on learning, experimentation, and technology development. These facilities are equipped with advanced instrumentation, testing equipment, computational tools, and simulation software necessary for conducting experiments, analyzing data, and validating research findings. Students, researchers, and industry collaborators have the opportunity to work in interdisciplinary teams, collaborate on research projects, and leverage cutting-edge technologies to address real-world energy challenges. Access to research facilities fosters innovation, collaboration, and knowledge exchange among stakeholders, leading to breakthroughs in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies.

Capacity building and training programs offered by ERCs are essential for developing a skilled workforce, fostering innovation, and advancing knowledge in the energy sector. By investing in human capital development, ERCs contribute to building a sustainable energy future and addressing the pressing global challenges of energy security, environmental sustainability, and climate change mitigation. These programs empower individuals to become leaders, innovators, and change agents in shaping the transition to a cleaner, more resilient energy system. The impact of Energy Research Centers (ERCs) in Nigeria is profound, with their initiatives contributing significantly to sustainable energy development across various sectors.

7. Nigeria’s energy transition unlocking energy and natural resources for sustainable development

With an increasing global focus on sustainability and climate change mitigation, Nigeria’s energy transition is gaining prominence [9]. Energy transition is driven by a combination of factors, including policy frameworks, technological advancements, and economic imperatives. Nigeria has implemented various policy frameworks to promote renewable energy adoption and energy efficiency. The National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), launched in 2015, sets ambitious targets for increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy mix. Additionally, initiatives such as the Rural Electrification Agency’s Mini-Grids Program aim to enhance energy access in rural areas through decentralized renewable energy solutions. The deployment of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar and hydroelectric power, has witnessed significant progress in Nigeria. Large-scale solar projects, such as the Katsina Solar Power Plant, highlight the country’s potential to harness solar energy resources.

Nigeria’s energy transition is a complex and multifaceted process that requires concerted efforts from policymakers, industry stakeholders, and civil society. While significant progress has been made, addressing existing challenges and capitalizing on emerging opportunities are crucial for advancing toward a sustainable energy future. By leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and fostering an enabling environment for investment and innovation, Nigeria can navigate its energy transition path and contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change while ensuring energy security and socioeconomic development. In parallel with efforts to reduce carbon emissions, research Centers focus on unlocking Nigeria’s energy and natural resource potential for sustainable development.

8. Challenges and opportunities

Despite progress, the Research Center’s efforts to tackle carbon emissions and unlock energy resources face challenges such as funding constraints, policy barriers, and institutional capacity gaps. Weak governance structures, regulatory inconsistencies, and corruption hinder effective management and equitable distribution of resource revenues. Lack of transparency and accountability in the allocation of licenses and contracts further exacerbates socio-economic inequalities and undermines public trust.

Nigeria’s energy sector is vulnerable to security risks, including militancy, pipeline vandalism, and insurgency activities in oil-producing regions. These challenges disrupt operations, deter investment, and undermine the stability of the energy market, hampering economic growth and development. The adverse effects of climate change, such as rising temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events, pose significant risks to Nigeria’s energy and natural resource sector. Increased frequency of droughts, floods, and storms threatens infrastructure, agriculture, and livelihoods, necessitating adaptation and resilience measures.

9. Conclusion

In conclusion, research Centers play a crucial role in addressing carbon emissions and unlocking energy resources for sustainable development in Nigeria. By driving innovation, shaping policy, and fostering collaboration, research Centers contribute to a greener, more resilient future for Nigeria. Moving forward, sustained investment, policy support, and cross-sectoral cooperation are essential to realizing Nigeria’s potential as a leader in sustainable energy and natural resource management. ERCs serve as catalysts for advancing clean energy technologies and reducing carbon footprints by conducting R&D, demonstrating technology viability, fostering collaborative partnerships, supporting policy development, educating stakeholders, conducting techno-economic analysis, and nurturing innovation ecosystems. Their multidisciplinary approach and cross-sectoral collaborations are essential for addressing the urgent challenges of climate change and sustainable development.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.