Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Analysis of data on some common forms of child neglect in our society.
Abstract
Parents and guiders especially in the developing nation like Nigeria and other under developed nations indulge in child neglect most times unintentionally. Child neglect as a form of child abuse has not been given special attention like other forms of abuse. This study examined the effect of child neglect on the psycho-social wellbeing and academic life of children in secondary school from the perception of teachers in Ethiope East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 121 teachers selected from 10 schools within the study area. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistic. The study revealed physical, educational, emotional and medical neglect as the common forms of child neglect in our society. Contributing factors to child neglect include disunity among parents, low income/poverty, parents’ level of awareness/educational, parents believe about child discipline and the child’s behavior. The effect of child neglect on the psycho-social wellbeing of children include that it reduces the emotional closeness between child and parents/guiders, the child development of deviant behavior and having low self esteem. Child neglect affects children academic life as the child find it difficult; to concentrating in class, remember and think straight.
Keywords
- child neglect
- psycho-social
- academic life
- secondary school children
- perception
1. Introduction
A child can be described as an individual below the age of adulthood. This stage is between the stage of infancy and adolescence which can be between the age of 1–18. At this stage, the individual have little or no matured sense of reasoning and cannot fend for his/her self thus live by the of cater and assistance of parents or caregiver. Children are so paramount and take special position in the continuance of a family and nation. They are the ones that take over from the older generations in a family or society, they are seen as “the leaders of tomorrow.” Even the Holy Book of the Christian belief said “children are an heritage of the Lord; and the fruit of the womb is His reward” (Psalms 127:3). Hence the continued existence of any society both human and animal societies depends on the survival of children.
It is the responsibility of every parents/caregiver to cater for the child by proving all material needs and amenities for the child to live, grow and cope in the environment and failure to do so, is termed as abuse & neglect on the child’s right to those needs. Child abuse and neglect as described in the Child Welfare Information Gateway [1] include any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caregiver that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Child abuse can be in divers forms which according to the World Health Organization includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power [1].
The problem this study seeks to solve includes the problem of ignorance of parents and guiders regarding the welfare of their children. Most parents in Nigeria especially the uneducated ones seem to see their neglecting actions on a child as a normal thing, they assume it’s a way of training the child to be strong and independent. This study will open their eyes to the subtle effect this actions have on the child psychologically, socially and academically. Also, the issue of child abuse as received the attention of scholars in recent times and much has been said by authors in regards to child abuse. However, not much empirical literatures have been written regarding child neglect as a unique form of child abuse and its effects on children. This study will therefore look into that aspect by unveiling the ways child neglect as a form of child abuse affects the psychologically, socially and academic.
The study specifically will:
Examine some common forms of child neglect in our society from perception of secondary school teachers.
Examine the factors contributing to child neglect in our society from perception of secondary school teachers.
Examine the ways child neglect affects the child’s psycho-social wellbeing.
Examine the ways child neglect affects the child’s academic life.
The study was guided by the following research question:
What are some common forms of child neglect in our society?
What factor contribute to child neglect in our society?
How do child neglect affect the child’s psycho-social wellbeing?
How do child neglect affect the child’s academic life?
The study covered teachers of public secondary schools in Ethiope East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria.
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2. Literature review
2.1 Meaning of a child, neglect and child neglect
A child is an individual that is not matured enough to take some major life decision and he/she is still very much dependents on others for survival. Literarily, the word neglect means the failure to take proper care over something, the state of being uncared for (Oxford Dictionary). In relation to a child’s welfare, neglect can be described as the state of a child being uncared for or the situation in which a child is not being properly taken care of. Tingberg and Nilsson see child neglect as the absence of things, an omission of care needed by a child [2].
Child neglect encompasses lack of child’s supervision, parents or caregiver ignoring that a child is not being given adequate food, living space, clothes, education, or basic health care, lack of emotional support and love to the child [2]. Child neglect according to Olayode can manifest in unkempt appearance, inappropriate dressing, anger, unbalance diet and non-immunization of children [3].
Child neglect is a common form of child abuse indulged in by parents or caregivers in which they deprive a child from getting basic needs, failing to provide adequate supervision, food, health care, clothing, or housing which ultimately results in physical, emotional and psychological injury of the child.
2.2 Forms of child neglect
But broadly speaking, there are four types of child neglect.
2.3 Factors that causes child neglect in societies
Ordinarily, no parents or guider in their normal sense will intentionally be neglectful to their children or their wards. Combinations of factors are likely to contribute to child neglect in our contemporary society. Some of these factors could be economical, social, and cultural.
Another social factor to child neglect in our societies arises from domestic violence single parenthood and marital conflict in form of conflicting ambitions, ideas or interest within parents. When the immediate environment of the child is in disarray, there will be no focus on the child leading to neglect. Just like the saying “when two elephants fights, it the grasses that suffers” when there is conflict in the house between parents, it is the children that suffers because the parents will not be united to cater fully for the child’s basic needs.
Some of the warning signs that a child might be going through neglect of any forms as include, Nervousness around adults, aggression towards adults or other children, Inability to stay awake or to concentrate for extended periods, Sudden, dramatic changes in personality or activities, frequent or unexplained bruises or injuries, low self esteem, poor hygiene [7]. Also, poor growth, weight loss or gain, poor hygiene, lack of appropriate clothing or supplies to meet their needs, stuffing themselves at one meal and hiding food for later, or stealing food or money as being noted as some telltale signs that a child is being neglected [8].
2.4 Effects of child neglect
Child neglect which is parent’s attitude or action of ignoring and showing little concern towards the child care, being given adequate food, living space, clothes, education have some level of effects on child the child. The effect can be categorized as psycho-social (psychological & social) effect and academic effect. These effects can manifest both in short term i.e. during childhood and in long term i.e. into adulthood.
2.4.1 Effects on psychological wellbeing
Psychological denotes ones mental state as a result of change in perception i.e. ways of thinking and/or behavior. The psychological effect of child neglect manifests itself on the victims (the neglected child) behavior. Some of these psychological behaviors include distrust, low self esteem, depression and anxiety.
2.4.2 Effects on social wellbeing
Social life of an individual speaks of the different interactions and relationship such individual form with others, such as family, friends, members of their community, and even strangers. Ones social life can be determined by the frequency, the duration and the quality of time such a one spend interacting others whether face-to-face, over the internet. Social effect encompasses all the effects neglect may have on the process of the child’s interaction with people and the behavior exhibited in the environment he/she finds his/her self. Some characters a neglected child exhibited include.
2.4.3 Effects on academic life
A child academic life is made up of his/her academic portfolio i.e. the child’s academic achievements, his/her attendance and attention in class, and general academic performance. A child academic performance describe tells of how well, how smoothly, how skillfully, how intellectually the child can act and response to academic problems in his/her endeavor.
Neglect especially educational neglect which is the failure of parents to provide the necessary support financially or make available learning materials to enable the child do well in school have effect on the academic life of the child in several ways including, That the child will have poor grades in school, more suspensions due to awkward behaviors and more repetition of class. The child is frequently absent from school, begs or steals food or money, is consistently dirty, or lack sufficient clothing for the harsh weather [10].
An individual’s education is closely linked to his life chances, income and wellbeing [10]. Trauma caused by experience of child neglect can have serious effects on the developing brain increasing the risks of psychological problems [5]. This stunted or slow brain development and other psychological problems on the long run can hinder the child from concentrating in school. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, abuse and neglect are associated with short- and long-term consequences that may include brain damage, developmental delays, learning disorders, problems forming relationships, aggressive behavior, and depression. Survivors of child abuse and neglect may be at greater risk for problems later in life such as low academic achievement, drug use, teen pregnancy, and criminal behavior that affect not just the child and family, but society as a whole [7].
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3. Methodology
Due to the nature of the study, the descriptive survey research design was adopted because the study by way of description seems to assess the perception of secondary school teachers on the issue of child neglect. The population of the study comprised of the twenty three (23) public secondary schools in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State with teachers population of 254 teachers. Adopting the stratified random sampling technique, 10 schools comprising of 121 teachers were sampled to participate in the study.
The sole instrument used for data collection in this study was a close-ended questionnaire designed in a four point Likert scale of Strongly Agree (rating 4), Agree (rating 3), Disagree (rating 2), or Strongly Disagree (rating 1). instrument was duly validated by experts in the field of measurement and evaluation. The Cronbach Alpha statistical tool was employed to test the reliability of the instrument and a coefficient of 0.977 was obtained. The descriptive statistic of frequency, percentage and mean ranking method was used to analyze the data obtained.
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4. Data analysis
This section presents the result and findings of the study. Out of the 121 questionnaire distributed, only 120 was returned and used for the analysis in the study.
4.1 Demographic data
In terms of gender, 40 accounting 40% of the respondents are male, while 72 accounting 60% of the respondents are female. This indicates that there are more female than male teachers in the sampled schools. On marital status, 15 representing 12.5% of the respondents are singles, 102 representing 85% are married, one representing 0.8% is a divorcee, two accounting for 1.6% are widowed. The result shows that majority of the teachers are married people who may have children/kids at home.
In terms of work experience of the respondents, 14 representing 12% of the respondents have work experience within 0–5 years, 27 representing 22% of the respondents have work experience within 6–10 years, 25 representing 21% of the respondents have work experience within 11–15 years, 29 representing 24% have work experience within 16–20 years, 19 representing 16% have work experience within 21–25 years and six representing 5% of the respondents have work experience above 26 years. The result implies that majority of the teachers are experience teachers with at least 5 years experience. On the academic qualification of the respondents, 15 representing 13% are NCE holders, 59 representing 49% are BA/BSC/B.Ed degree holders, 45 representing 37% are Master’ Degree (M.Sc/M.Ed) degree holders and 1 representing 0.7% have PhD. This indicates that majority of the teachers are Bachelor and masters (B.Sc/B.Ed and M.Sc/M.Ed) degree holders.
4.2 Presentation of result related to the research questions/objectives
A benchmark of 2.50 was set, where the mean for each statement is lower than the benchmark, such statement or item is said to be rejected but if higher than the benchmark, it is accepted. Also, ‘SA + A’ was judge as agreed and D + SD as disagreed.
Items 1–4 of the questionnaire in Table 1 were used to examine the common forms of child neglect in our society from the teachers view. From the analysis of data, it is accepted by 102 accounting for 85% accepted with mean of 3.18 that most children come to school look tattered, hair not combed with torn uniform and always looking unfed this insinuates physical neglect of the children, also, it was accepted with mean of 3.20 agreed by 102 accounting for 85% of the respondents agree that Some children in our school always do not buying books, they lack most of the required textbooks, they barely pay fees indicating that their education are being neglected, however it was slightly accepted by 67 accounting for 55% with mean of 2.64 > 2.50 that some parents allow their child to school even in sick/ill condition, the children appears unhealthy which to some extent indicates medical neglect of their parents or guiders. It was accepted with mean of 3.15 by 97 accounting for 81% of respondents that most parents in their communities do not care about their children’s mental health and their emotions.
| S/N | Items | SA Scale 4 | A Scale 3 | D Scale 2 | SD Scale 1 | Mean | Decision | Social factors rank order | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Most of the children come to school look tattered, hair not combed with torn uniform and always looking unfed (Physical) | 49 41% | 53 44% | 9 7.5% | 9 7.5% | 382 | 3.18 | Accepted | 1st order 102 (85%) |
| 2 | Some children in our school always do not buying books, they lack most of the required textbooks, they barely pay fees(educational) | 47 39% | 55 46% | 13 11% | 5 4% | 384 | 3.20 | Accepted | 1st order 102 (85%) |
| 3 | Some parents allow their child to school even in sick/ill condition, the children appears unhealthy looking (Medical) | 30 25% | 37 30% | 26 22% | 27 23% | 317 | 2.64 | Slightly Accepted | 3rd order 67 (55%) |
| 4 | Most parents in our communities do not care about their children’s mental health and their emotions (Emotional) | 53 44% | 44 37% | 12 10% | 11 9.2% | 379 | 3.15 | Accepted | 2nd order 97 (81%) |
Table 1.
Source: Response to survey questionnaire, August, 2023.
From the above, all the items were accepted with higher mean of 3.18, 3.20, 2.64 and 3.15 > 2.50 as some form of child neglect observed in our society.
From the result, the most common form is physical neglect ranking as the highest, closely followed by educational neglect, followed by emotional neglect then lastly ranked is medical neglect.
Item 8–9 of the questionnaire in Table 2 was used to assess some factors contributing to child neglect in our society. From the table, it was accepted with mean of 3.39 by 115 accounting for 95.8% of the respondents that family, parents, guider/caregiver economic status (low income/poverty) contribute to neglecting attitude towards their children, All the respondents 120 (100%) accepted with mean of 3.68 that frequent disagreement/disunity among parents can lead to neglect of the children’s needs, it was accepted with mean of 3.18 by 100 accounting for 83% of the respondents that most parents/guider/caregiver in our society believe child neglect as a way of disciplining a child, it was also agreed by 112 accounting for 93% of the respondents and accepted with mean of 3.48 that parents, guider/caregiver low educational level or level of awareness contributes to child neglect in our society, and 100 accounting for 83% accepted with mean 3.20 that child’s factor such as disobedient, and any deviant behavior that upsets parents/guider/caregiver result to neglect on the child.
| S/N | Items | SA Scale 4 | A Scale 3 | D Scale 2 | SD Scale 1 | ∑ | Mean | Decisions | Rank order |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | Economic status (low income/poverty) of the family, parents, guider/caregiver can contribute to neglecting attitude towards their children | 55 45.8% | 60 50% | 2 1.7% | 3 2.5% | 407 | 3.39 | Accepted | 2nd order 115 (95.8%) |
| 6 | Frequent disagreement/disunity among parents can lead to neglect of the children’s needs | 82 68% | 38 32% | 0 | 0 | 442 | 3.68 | Accepted | 1st order 120 (100%) |
| 7 | Most parents/guider/caregiver in our society believe child neglect as a way of disciplining a child | 50 41.7% | 50 41.7% | 12 10% | 8 6.7% | 382 | 3.18 | Accepted | 4th order 100 (83%) |
| 8 | Parents, guider/caregiver low educational level or level of awareness contributes to child neglect in our society | 70 58.3% | 42 35% | 3 2.5% | 5 4.2% | 417 | 3.48 | Accepted | 3rd order 112 (93%) |
| 9 | Child’s factor such as disobedient, and any deviant behavior that upsets parents/guider/caregiver result to neglect on the child | 49 41% | 51 42.5% | 15 12.5% | 5 4% | 384 | 3.20 | Accepted | 4th order 100 (83%) |
Table 2.
Analysis of data on factor contributing to child neglect.
Source: Response to survey questionnaire, August, 2023.
From the result, the highest ranked factor to child neglect in our society, disagreement/disunity among parents, closely followed by low income/poverty, followed by parents’ educational level or level of awareness, followed by parents’ believe about child discipline and lastly the child’s behavior.
Statements 10–14 of the questionnaire were used to assess ways child neglect affect a child’s psycho-social wellbeing. From Table 3 above, it was accepted with mean of 3.30 by 118 accounting for 98.3% of the respondents that child neglect can decrease the children’s emotional closeness with their mother/guiders, it is accepted by 115 accounting for 96% of respondents with mean 3.29 that child neglect can make a child involve in stealing and become a deviant in the society, it was rejected by 110 accounting for 91.5% of the respondents with mean 1.65 that trauma from injury, disfigure, deformity as a result of physical neglect of a child make a child develop aggressive behavior towards other children, this means that injury, disfigure, deformity from physical neglect does not lead to development of aggressive behavior. One hundred seventeen accounting for 97.5% of the respondents with mean 3.35 accepted that neglected children feel rejected, depressed and downcast due to lack of basic need which other children have, and it was accepted with mean 3.23 by 119 accounting for 99.2% lack of basic needs make children see themselves as inferior and try to avoid others by isolating themselves.
| S/N | Items | SA Scale 4 | A Scale 3 | D Scale 2 | SD Scale 1 | Mean | Decisions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Child neglect can decrease the children’s emotional closeness with their mother/guiders | 38 (31.6%) | 80 (66.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 | 396 | 3.30 | Accepted |
| 11 | Child neglect can make a child involve in stealing and become a deviant in the society | 40 (33%) | 75 (63%) | 5 (4%) | 0 | 395 | 3.29 | Accepted |
| 12 | Trauma from injury, disfigure, deformity as a result of physical neglect of a child make a child develop aggressive behavior towards other children | 1 (1%) | 9 (7.5%) | 57 (47.5%) | 53 (44%) | 198 | 1.65 | Rejected |
| 13 | Neglected children feel rejected, depressed and downcast due to lack of basic need which other children have | 48 (40%) | 69 (57.5%) | 0 | 3 (2.5%) | 402 | 3.35 | Accepted |
| 14 | Lack of basic needs make children see themselves as inferior and try to avoid other by isolating themselves | 28 (23.3%) | 91 (75.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 387 | 3.23 | Accepted |
Table 3.
Analysis of data on effects of child neglect on child’s psycho-social wellbeing.
Source: Response to survey questionnaire, August, 2023.
From the above, all items except item 12 were accepted with higher mean of 3.30, 3.29, 3.35, 3.23 < 2.50 as the ways child neglect affect a child’s psycho-social wellbeing. However, This is to say the effect child neglect have on the psycho-social wellbeing of children includes; reduction in emotional closeness with their mother/guiders, involvement in stealing and become a deviant, feeling rejected, depressed and downcast and isolation due to inferior complex.
Items15–19 of the questionnaire in Table 4 was used to gather data on the ways child neglect affects academic life of children. From the table above, it was agreed by 110 accounting for 92% of the respondents that children find it difficult to concentrate in class due to worries and anxiety of lack of learning materials, 101 accounting for 84% of the respondent said medically neglected children become seriously sick and not being able to concentrate/focus in school because a sick person is a weak person, 110 accounting for 92% said children look disorganized and unable to think straight, find it difficult to remember learnt object due to depression from being neglected, 82 accounting for 68% of the respondents said lack of personal learning materials make most students to skip classes and are not punctual to school, 110 accounting for 92% of the respondents said students with inferiority complex due to lack of required learning materials and their unkempt appearance always not participate in class activities.
| S/N | Items | SA | A | D | SD | Mean | Decisions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | Children find it difficult to concentrate in class due to worries and anxiety of lack of learning materials | 51 42.5% | 59 49% | 6 5% | 4 3% | 397 | 3.30 | |
| 16 | Medically neglected children become seriously sick and not being able to concentrate/focus in school(a sick person is a weak person) | 31 26% | 70 58% | 10 8.3% | 9 7.8% | 372 | 3.10 | |
| 17 | Children look disorganized and unable to think straight, find it difficult to remember learnt object due to depression from being neglected | 37 31% | 73 61% | 5 4% | 5 4% | 382 | 3.18 | |
| 18 | Lack of personal learning materials makes most students to skip classes and are not punctual to school | 29 24% | 53 44% | 18 15% | 20 17% | 331 | 2.70 | Accepted |
| 19 | Students with inferiority complex due to lack of required learning materials and their unkempt appearance always not participate in class activities | 50 42% | 60 50% | 3 2.5% | 7 5.8% | 393 | 3.28 |
Table 4.
Analysis of data on ways child neglect affects academic life of a child.
Source: Response to survey questionnaire, August, 2023.
From the analysis above, all the items have mean score of 3.30, 3.10, 3.18, 2.7, 3.28 > 2.50 showing acceptance. This indicates that child neglect affect students’ academic life because it makes it difficult for students to concentrate in class, unable to think straight, it hinders remembering, makes them skip classes and are not punctual to school.
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5. Findings
In the course of this study, literatures were reviewed, data were collected and analyzed and it was revealed that
Child neglect is a common phenomenon in our society today and many secondary school children in Ethiope East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria suffer one form of neglect or the other.
Children are intentionally and unintentionally neglected by parents in our societies today and factors responsible are both parent and child related. Some parents’ related factors are uncontrollable like economy and child’s factor emanate from the child’s behavior both in school and at home.
Child neglect predisposes children to numbers of maladjustment behaviors which are detrimental to their psychological, social and academic endeavors as students.
Child neglect especially educational neglect is a root cause of child low academic achievement and total dropout from school as it predisposes a child as student to inferiority complex that makes him/her see his/her self as not worthy of being among other children in school.
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6. Discussion
In the Nigerian societies till date, most children both in school and at home are being neglected in one way or the other either physically, educationally, emotionally even medically and the most common among secondary school students are physical and educational neglect which are evidence in their lack of required textbooks, tattered look with hair not combed and torn uniform. This is closely related to Olayode [3] who noted that child neglect can manifest in unkempt appearance, inappropriate dressing, anger, unbalance diet and non-immunization of children. All of which are as a result of physical, emotional and medical neglect.
Factors responsible for child neglect are both parent and child related, such factors include disagreement/disunity among parents, low income/poverty, parents’ level of awareness/educational, parents believe about child discipline and the child’s behavior. Economy crisis which uncontrollably affects income level of parents contributes to parents unintentionally neglecting their child(ren) and child’s factor which emanate from the child’s behavior both in school and at home contributes to intentional neglect on the child. This is somewhat related to Olaojo and Oyediran’s observation that parents due to economic hardship fail to care for the child, they would rather abandon the child to another family who may be well-to-do which will likely result to emotional neglect as the child’s emotional welfare will likely not be catered for since he/she is not counted as a bonafide member of the family within which he/she lives [5].
Child neglect predisposes children to numbers of maladjustment behaviors which are detrimental to the psychological, social wellbeing of children. It reduces the emotional closeness with their mother/guiders, result in child’s involvement in stealing and become a deviant, they develop a feeling of rejection, depression and isolation due to inferior complex. This is in tandem to Muela, Elena, Alexander, Larrea, and José who noted that children who were victims of physical neglect were found to be displaying serious social-emotional problems like suffering from personality disorders with high symptoms of anxiety, depression and dissociative disorders in adolescence and adulthood [9].
Child neglect mostly educational neglect is a root cause of child low academic achievement, total dropout from school as it predisposes a child as student to difficulty in concentrating in class, inability to think straight due to emotional effect, it hinders their remembering ability, lead to frequent skipping of classes and unpunctual to school. This is not so different from Edinyang, Ekuri, and Ushie who identified the effect of neglect on a child to include, frequent absent from school and begs or steals food or money [10].
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7. Conclusion
The study examined the effect of child neglect on psycho-social wellbeing and academic life of children in secondary school. In the course of the study, related literatures were revealed in line with the concept of the topic. From literatures it was shown that child neglect is the failure of parents or guider to give proper care, attention and provision to the basic survival needs of the child such as food, shelter, academic required learning materials, emotional support, proper supervision, proper medical care and so on. Child neglect is very common in our society today and many children both in school and at home experience at least one form of neglect. Children are intentionally and unintentionally neglected by parents in our societies today due to factors which are both parent and child related. Some parents’ related factors are uncontrollable like economy and child’s factor emanate from the child’s behavior both in school and at home.
Child neglect has effect on the psychological, social and academic life as it predisposes children to numbers of maladjustment behaviors which are detrimental to their psychological, social and academic endeavors as students. It is a strong contribution to child low academic achievement and total dropout from school. Children who are physically neglected may suffer immediate physical injuries such as cuts, bruises, or dislocation of bones which puts their health at risk of death if immediate attention not given.
Based on these, it can be concluded without doubt that child neglect is a subtle future destroyer, a missile that can destroy future generation by ruining the destiny of children who are the future generation, it can result to death on the long run as the neglected child especially medically neglected child whose health issues were not given immediate response due to parents’ negligence may experience sudden death.
It is recommended based on the findings that parents and guiders should desist from seeing neglecting a child as a way of disciplining or training the child to be strong. Parents should try their possible best to provide the very basic need especially food, shelter, medical and academic related need. This will make the child see his/her self as a valuable asset in the family and society instead of having low self esteem which result in depress feeling and other unruly behaviors.
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Acknowledgments
We express our heartily gratitude to the Almighty God, by whose grace and strength this work became a success.
We appreciate the authors and scholars whose works were cited in this study. May God increase your intellectual ability.
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