Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System

Abstract

Without electricity, our society would not function in this advanced period. Power supplies of high quality and dependability improve the amount of power that can be transported and distributed. One of the key factors in the power system is power quality. It has grown in significance, especially with the advent of cutting-edge technology. The quality of the power source affects these modern gadgets more strongly. Voltage, current, and frequency at the rated value are referred to as power quality. Any deviation from the usual rating in these amounts is seen as a sign of a power quality issue. It is preferred to employ specialized power devices at the distribution side to get around these power quality issues. DVR and D-STATCOM are chosen among other custom power devices for usage in boosting power quality. The D-STATCOM and DVR are compared in this article using MATLAB software.

1. Introduction

Concerns pertaining to power quality (PQ) are now the most prevalent [1, 2]. The nature of electric loads has completely changed as a result of the extensive use of electronic equipment, including information technology equipment, power electronics, adjustable speed drives (VSD), programmable logic controllers (PLC), and energy-efficient lighting [3]. These loads are both the main contributors to and the main targets of issues with power quality. All of these loads disrupt the voltage waveform because they are non-linear.

Periodically, transient overvoltages (surges/spikes), swells, flickers, uncontrolled voltages, voltage dips/sags, interruptions, and waveform disturbances (power factor, harmonics, among others) can all affect electrical equipment (Figure 1) [4].

Figure 1.

Various power quality issues in power systems representation.

The word “Power Quality” refers to the quality of voltage, power, and electric current. Power quality concerns such as voltage sags and swells must be handled in the current day. Voltage sags may occur instantaneously and persist from half a cycle to 1 minute. The average voltage will fall by 0.1 to 0.9 pu. Voltage swell, on the other hand, is defined as a rise in rms voltage or current at the power frequency over periods ranging from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. Magnitudes usually vary between 1.1 and 1.8 pu [5]. As a result, they are a common source of power electronics equipment failure in contemporary power systems. Voltage swells are less relevant than voltage sags in distribution networks due to their rarity. Voltage sags may occur in both single-phase and three-phase systems. Single-phase voltage sags, on the other hand, have been proven to be prevalent and frequent in the power industry.

2. Faults in the power systems

2.1 Single line to ground faults

In comparison to other fault categories, this problem is less severe and occurs more frequently. There is a 65–70% likelihood of a defect occurring. Any time a line or conductor touches the neutral conductor or falls to the ground, the SLG fault occurs. Due to the imbalanced fault, the equipment is damaged and the system’s conditioning is not balanced [2, 4].

2.2 Double line to ground (DLG) fault

DLG faults account for about 15–20% of all defects. Whenever two lines short circuit and come into contact with the earth, a fault is created. In contrast to SLG faults, this fault causes the system to become imbalanced and results in more significant damage to the system whenever it happens [2, 4].

2.3 Line-to-Line (LL) fault

Within the symmetrical faults, this is an unusual fault. Additionally, there is only a 5–10% possibility of this problem occurring. Line-to-line faults occur when two lines short circuit. Within the short-circuited wires, current is flowing due to this problem. When compared to the double line-toto-ground fault, this defect is more severe [2, 4].

Very serious and infrequently occurring faults are symmetrical faults. These flaws, which are also known as balanced faults, are as follows:

2.4 Three-phase to ground fault

Three-phase faults have a 2–3% probability of happening. Because the system maintains its balanced state even in the presence of faults. However, the system’s equipment is seriously damaged. When heavy loads are connected and disconnected suddenly, when the grid power supply is unstable, when there are interruptions in the long-distance power supply from the distribution transformer, or when there is a need to boost the power supply to a remote location. The load in a three-phase system is said to be unbalanced for a variety of reasons. Voltage sag, various fault types, and voltage swell are the major causes of voltage disturbance in all of these scenarios. The system may experience a brownout or blackout if the issues are not resolved within a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, short circuit defects in the power system, and voltage swell are therefore regarded as power quality issues in this study [5].

3. Definitions of Power Quality issues

Power Quality refers to the consistency and reliability of electrical power in terms of its voltage, frequency, and other characteristics. Poor power quality can lead to various problems in electrical systems, including equipment malfunction, downtime, and increased maintenance costs. Here are some key definitions related to power quality:

Voltage Sag (or Dip): A short-term decrease in the RMS voltage that lasts from half a cycle to several seconds. Sags can cause sensitive equipment to malfunction or shut down (Figure 2) [6].

Figure 2.

Voltage sag representation.

Voltage Swell: A short-term increase in the RMS voltage. Like sags, swells can negatively affect sensitive equipment (Figures 3 and 4) [6].

Figure 3.

Voltage swell representation.

Figure 4.

Frequency variation.

Frequency Variations: Deviations from the standard power system frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Significant frequency variations can affect the operation of time-sensitive equipment [6].

Transient Overvoltage: A sudden increase in voltage above the normal level, typically lasting for a short duration. Transient overvoltages can damage equipment if not adequately protected (Figure 5) [6].

Figure 5.

Trasient over voltage.

4. Power interruptions

An electrical load losing power is known as a “power interruption,” and it is the most basic kind of power quality issue. The various types of power outages are classified based on how long they last.

A momentary disruption occurs when there is a total absence of voltage on one or more phase wires for a duration ranging from 0.5 cycles to 3 seconds.

A momentary disruption occurs when there is a total absence of voltage on one or more phase wires for a duration ranging from 3 seconds to 1 minute.

A total loss of voltage on one or more phase wires for longer than a minute is referred to as a persistent interruption (Figure 6) [6].

Figure 6.

Various power interruptions.

5. Flicker, transients, and noise

The visual phenomenon known as “flicker” in lighting circuits is the result of repeated voltage decreases [6]. The name “flicker” does not necessarily apply to generic voltage fluctuations; rather, it describes a particularly specific issue with how humans perceive the light generated by incandescent light bulbs.

Arc welders, electric boilers, industrial motors, lasers, photocopying machines, sawmills, and X-ray equipment are a few typical sources of flicker (Figure 7).

Figure 7.

Flicker, transients, and noise representation.

Transients are caused by spikes superimposed over sine waves of voltage or current, with amplitudes varying from a few volts to several thousand volts. Electronic devices, VFDs, and switching inductive loads usually create low-energy transients continually, but lighting and utility switching usually cause high-energy impulsive transients of brief duration.

Impulsive transients can have a duration of 50 ns to more than 1 ms. The duration of oscillatory transients varies between 0.3 milliseconds and 5 microseconds.

Unwanted, high-frequency oscillations superimposed on a sine wave of alternating voltage or current are referred to as noise. This phenomenon can cause electrical equipment like computers and programmable controllers to malfunction and is typically exacerbated by incorrect grounding.

6. Power factor, unbalance, and harmonics

Electrical loads frequently consist of more than just pure resistance; in an AC system, the impedance is the result of the combination of reactance and resistance. There are two types of reactance: capacitive and inductive, neither of which adds to the power system’s “useful” work (Figure 8).

Figure 8.

Power triangle.

The power factor is a metric used to describe the amount of electrical power used to run machines, heat, or lights. A low power factor indicates that a significant quantity of energy is wasted as heat in the system, which often translates into increased energy costs and equipment deterioration.

Impedances in motors, solenoids, and pumps are usually a mixture of resistance and inductive reactance, and they change depending on the machine’s mechanical load. The impedance of a greater capacitive reactance component and a normally tiny resistance. When up the impedance of a capacitor.

The sine waves of the voltage and current in an AC system will move out of phase when reactance is present. The two cancel each other out: voltage leads current with capacitive reactance component and current leads voltage with inductive reactance.

Industrial facilities that have a lot of motors or other inductive loads often have a low power factor. Large commercial and industrial clients are usually charged more by utility providers for poor power factor.

When single-phase loads, such as office equipment and lights, do not consume the same amount of current on each phase, the neutral conductor is put under more stress, which leads to an imbalance in three-phase power systems. Even if the currents may not be in phase with the voltages, an ideal situation arises when the loads are balanced, which means that the voltage and current phases are precisely 120 degrees away from each other (Figure 9).

Figure 9.

Unbalance representation.

Waveform distortion, known as harmonics, may be found in circuits that include semiconductor-based devices, including test equipment, computers, robots, LED lights, electronic ballasts, and switching power supplies. Higher frequency sine waves on the system by these “non-linear” loads, increasing power loss via lost heat [6].

The excessive heat production may be harmful to a power system. Transformers are particularly vulnerable to harmonic damage because of stray “eddy currents” that circulate inside the iron core of the transformer and generate excessive heat (Figure 10).

Figure 10.

Harmonic analysis.

The frequency in multiples of the “fundamental” or primary frequency (60 Hz in the US) is used to identify harmonics. In a system operating at 60 Hz, for instance, the third harmonic would be 180 Hz (60 × 3 = 180) and the fifth harmonic would be 300 Hz (60 × 5 = 300) [6].

Power quality metres may be used to measure each harmonic frequency’s magnitude; the results are often shown as a harmonic spectrum. When using power quality metres, total harmonic distortion (THD) and total demand distortion (TDD) are sometimes used to reduce harmonic distortion to a single value rather than a spectrum.

7. Power Quality standards

There are a number of industry standards available that address the correct procedures and methods for performing a power quality analysis. These standards should be reviewed to help better understand the science behind monitoring and correcting power quality:

1. ANSI C84.1 - American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hz)

2. IEC 61000 - IEC standards on Electromagnetic compatibility

3. IEEE 519 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems

4. IEEE 1159 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality

5. IEEE 1250 - IEEE Guide for Identifying and Improving Voltage Quality in Power Systems

6. IEEE 1668 - IEEE Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Voltage Sag and Short Interruption Ride-Through Testing for End-Use Electrical Equipment Rated Less than 1000 V

7. IEEE 1789 - IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in High-Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers

8. Solutions for Power Quality issues

A Custom Power Device (CPD) is one efficient technique to decrease voltage sags and swells caused by power quality concerns [7]. DSTATCOM and DVR are currently among the most common power devices due to their use of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology. Because these critical powers are delivered to the client through power electronics controller devices, they are sometimes referred to as specialized power devices. Some research has given promising concepts for decreasing voltage sag induced by motor startup using D-STATCOM. These solutions are only partly successful since they can only decrease the duration of a voltage sag occurrence or boost the voltage level during it. They are also not adaptable solutions since, according to research that employed DVR to reduce voltage sag induced by starting an induction motor, the efficacy of compensation might be reduced when motor rating changes. The DVR operates by injecting an in-phase series voltage into the load together with the incoming supply, just enough to return the voltage to its pre-sag condition. It has a proven track record of avoiding voltage sags in practical installations. Figure 11 shows various Power Quality Issues.

Figure 11.

Power quality issues in distribution system.

On several occasions, efforts have been undertaken to provide an active and flexible solution for power quality problems. One of these power quality methods that is widely used to lower harmonics is lossless passive filters with L-C tuned components. Passive filters are preferred due to their low starting cost and high initial efficiency. It has a number of drawbacks, including utility impedance, fixed compensation, resonance with supply and loads, and instability. These limitations have been circumvented by the use of active power filters. Active power filters can be made in shunt, series, or hybrid forms. Hybrid is created by combining series and shunt types. Voltage-based distortions, whereas corrected using series APF corrects current-based distortions, whereas corrected using shunt APF. Hybrid APF is used to filter high-order harmonics. In typical applications, their rating might occasionally be fairly near to load (up to 80%), which is an issue. This makes it impossible to achieve the appropriate level of power quality. Power outages and dissatisfied consumers are the outcomes of this. Innovative power electronics controller devices have been made available during the past few decades in an effort to increase the reliability of the distribution system and deal with power disturbance concerns. The creation of power electronics controller devices led to the birth of customized power.

The “Custom Power” strategy intends to primarily satisfy the requirements of industrial and commercial customers. In order to provide the degree of quality that picky customers want, “custom power” refers to tools for integrating power electronics controllers into a power distribution system.

They are also known as customized power devices since these significant powers are delivered to users through these power electronics controller devices. Most of them are available for sale as goods and perform effectively at medium distribution levels. VSI is often used to develop specialized power devices since it can maintain the DC bus voltage on its own utilizing a large DC capacitor. The two major categories of bespoke power equipment are:

1. Type 1: Network reconfiguration

2. Type 2: Compensating (Figure 12)

Figure 12.

Types of custom power devices.

8.1 D-STATCOM

One of the Shunt connected DFACTS devices is the Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM). The DSTATCOM system is made up of three major components: a Voltage Source Converter (VSC), a collection of coupling reactors, and a controller. A DSTATCOM placed in a power system generates a controlled alternating current voltage source through a voltage source inverter (VSI) coupled to a DC capacitor (energy storage device). In general, the alternating current voltage source appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. The voltage differential across this reactance causes active and reactive power transfer between the power supply and the DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM is linked to the power networks if there is a voltage-quality issue. All necessary voltages and currents are monitored and supplied into the controller, where they are compared to the orders. The controller then conducts feedback control and generates a series of switching signals to operate the power converter’s primary semiconductor switches (IGBTs, which are employed at the distribution level) (Figure 13).

Figure 13.

Symbol of DSTATCOM.

8.2 The operation of DSTATCOM

The firing angle is used to adjust the firing angle. The output voltage of the VSI should ideally be in phase with the voltage of the bus to which the DSTATCOM is attached. The dc side capacitance is kept constant at a given voltage in steady state, and there is no practical power exchange except for losses. The DSTATCOM differs from other reactive power producing devices (such as shunt capacitors, static VAR compensators, and so on) in that energy storage is optional and only necessary for system imbalance or harmonic absorption. The DSTATCOM has two control goals in place. The first is the alternating current voltage control of the power supply at the bus to which the DSTATCOM is attached. The other is DC voltage control across the DSTATCOM’s capacitor. Shunt reactive power injection is well recognized for its ability to adjust bus voltage. Two voltage regulators are developed for these functions in a traditional control system. AC voltage regulator for controlling bus voltage and DC voltage regulator for controlling capacitor voltage [2, 4]. Both regulators in the simplest scheme are proportional integral (PI) controllers.

8.2.1 Operating modes

It is operated in three modes.

Mode 1: If the DSTATCOM voltage is greater than the Grid Voltage, DSTATCOM supplies the Reactive Power to the Grid, so this mode is named as Capacitive Mode.

Mode 2: If the Grid voltage is greater than the DSTATCOM voltage, the Reactive Power is absorbed by the DSTATCOM, so this mode is called Inductive Mode.

Mode 3: If the grid voltage is equal to DSTATCOM Voltage, then there is no exchange of Reactive Power. So this is called as Floating Mode (Figure 14).

Figure 14.

Modes of operation.

A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) offers several advantages in electrical distribution systems, especially in addressing power quality issues. Here are some of the key advantages of using DSTATCOM:

1. Reactive Power Compensation: DSTATCOM can provide dynamic reactive power support to maintain system voltage levels within desired limits, thereby improving voltage stability and ensuring efficient power transfer.

2. Voltage Regulation: By injecting or absorbing reactive power as needed, DSTATCOM helps regulate voltage levels, reducing voltage fluctuations and ensuring consistent voltage supply to critical loads.

3. Harmonics Mitigation: DSTATCOM can mitigate harmonics in the distribution system by injecting counteracting currents, thereby improving the quality of power and reducing the risk of equipment damage and inefficiencies caused by harmonics.

4. Power Factor Correction: DSTATCOM can correct power factor issues by supplying or absorbing reactive power, helping utilities and industrial facilities comply with regulatory requirements and improve overall system efficiency.

5. Fast Response Time: DSTATCOM offers rapid response capabilities, allowing it to quickly compensate for voltage variations, harmonics, and other power quality issues, thereby minimizing disruptions and ensuring reliable operation of electrical systems.

6. Flexible Installation: DSTATCOM can be installed in various configurations (shunt, series, or combined) based on specific application requirements, allowing for flexible integration into existing distribution systems.

7. Energy Savings: By improving power quality, reducing losses associated with poor power factor, and optimizing voltage levels, DSTATCOM can help reduce energy consumption and improve overall system efficiency.

8. Enhanced System Reliability: By addressing voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and other power quality issues, DSTATCOM helps enhance system reliability, reduce downtime, and extend the lifespan of electrical equipment and components.

9. Scalability: DSTATCOM systems can be designed and scaled to meet specific application requirements, making them suitable for a wide range of distribution system configurations and load profiles.

10. Compliance with Standards: DSTATCOM solutions can help utilities, industrial facilities, and commercial establishments comply with various power quality standards, regulations, and guidelines related to voltage regulation, harmonics mitigation, and power factor correction.

In summary, DSTATCOM offers a range of benefits for improving power quality, enhancing system reliability, and ensuring efficient operation of electrical distribution systems. By addressing voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, harmonics mitigation, and other power quality issues, DSTATCOM helps utilities and end-users maintain high-quality power supply, optimize energy efficiency, and reduce operational costs.

8.3 Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

In 1996, a 12.47 kV system in Anderson, South Carolina became the first DVR to be deployed in North America. DVRs have since been used to safeguard crucial loads in the utility, semiconductor, and food processing industries. One of the most efficient PQ devices for resolving voltage sag issues nowadays is the dynamic voltage restorer. However, cost and installation limitations have restricted its use to situations where a reliable power source is obviously needed.

DVR is a static var. device that has found use in a number of transmission and distribution systems. It is a series compensation device that protects sensitive electric loads from power quality issues such as voltage sags, swells, imbalance, and distortion using voltage source converters (VSC) (Figure 15).

Figure 15.

Symbol of DVR.

8.3.1 Principle of operation

The Dynamic Voltage Restorer’s is to inject a voltage of the necessary size and frequency to enable it to restore the load side voltage to the proper amplitude and waveform, even when the source voltage is imbalanced or distorted [2, 4].

In general, it uses a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter structure and Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO) solid-state power electronic switches. At the load side, the DVR has the ability to independently produce or absorb actual and reactive power. In other words, the DVR is built of a solid-state DC to AC switching power converter that injects a sequence of three-phase AC output voltages into the transmission and distribution lines. The commutation mechanism for reactive power demand and an energy source for actual power need are the sources of the injected voltage.

Depending on the DVR’s manufacturer and design, the energy source may change. DC capacitors, batteries, and energy extracted from the line via a rectifier are a few types of energy sources that have been used.

The DVR system’s practical injection voltage capacity is 50% of nominal voltage. Due to this, DVRs may successfully defend against sags of up to 50% for periods of time as little as 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, the majority of voltage sags seldom ever go below 50%.

The destructive consequences of voltage swells, voltage imbalance, and other waveform distortions are also lessened by using the Dynamic Voltage Restorer.

There are different methods to control the DVR. They are

1. Distinguish the occurrence of sag or swell in the system.

2. Compute the offset voltage.

3. Pulse output of the PWM inverter and stopping it when the problem is resolved.

8.3.2 MATLAB/Simulink model of DSTATCOM

Let us consider a test system where a sudden RL-load is applied all of a sudden and the response of the output voltage is analyzed using the Simulink platform [8].

Due to the sudden application of the load, voltage sag is observed, and this should be compensated by using our Custom Power Devices to transfer constant voltage to the load (Figures 16–21).

Figure 16.

Simulation model of the test system with DSTATCOM in MATLAB/Simulink for RL load.

Figure 17.

Voltage sag at the load side.

Figure 18.

Compensated voltage through the introduction of DSTATCOM on the load side.

8.4 MATLAB/Simulink design of DVR

A Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a power electronic device primarily designed to mitigate voltage sags and interruptions in electrical distribution systems [8]. Here are some of the key advantages of using a DVR (Figures 19–21):

1. Voltage sag mitigation: One of the primary advantages of a DVR is its ability to rapidly inject voltage to compensate for voltage sags, thereby restoring the voltage waveform and ensuring uninterrupted operation of sensitive equipment and processes [1].

2. Fast Response Time: DVRs offer very fast response times, typically within a few milliseconds, to detect voltage disturbances and inject compensating voltage, minimizing downtime and disruptions for critical loads [1].

3. Improved Power Quality: By mitigating voltage sags and interruptions, DVRs help improve overall power quality, reduce equipment downtime, and enhance the reliability of electrical distribution systems [1].

4. Protection for Sensitive Equipment: DVRs provide essential protection for sensitive electronic equipment, such as computers, servers, industrial machinery, and other critical loads, by ensuring a stable and consistent power supply.

5. Flexible Installation: DVRs can be installed at critical points in the distribution system to protect specific loads or areas prone to voltage sags, allowing for targeted mitigation and optimization of power quality.

6. Compatibility with Renewable Energy Sources: DVRs can be integrated with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power systems, to ensure stable and reliable power supply, especially in areas with fluctuating renewable energy output.

7. Cost Savings: By reducing equipment downtime, preventing production losses, and protecting sensitive equipment from voltage sags and interruptions, DVRs can lead to significant cost savings for industrial facilities, commercial establishments, and utilities [1].

8. Extended Equipment Lifespan: DVRs help extend the lifespan of electrical and electronic equipment by providing a stable and consistent power supply, reducing wear and tear, and minimizing the risk of damage from voltage disturbances [1].

9. Compliance with Standards: DVRs help utilities, industrial facilities, and commercial establishments comply with various power quality standards, regulations, and guidelines related to voltage sag mitigation, ensuring adherence to industry best practices and regulatory requirements [1].

10. Scalability and Modularity: DVRs can be designed and configured to meet specific application requirements, making them scalable and modular solutions for addressing voltage sags and interruptions in various distribution system configurations and load profiles [1].

Figure 19.

Simulation model of the test system with DVR in MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL-load.

Figure 20.

Voltage at the load point without DVR in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 3-phase fault.

Figure 21.

Voltage at the load point with DVR in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

In summary, DVRs offer a range of benefits for improving power quality, protecting sensitive equipment, reducing downtime, and ensuring reliable operation of electrical distribution systems. By providing fast and effective voltage sag mitigation, DVRs help utilities and end-users maintain high-quality power supply, optimize equipment performance, and minimize operational risks and costs.

8.5 Comparison of DVR and DSTATCOM

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) and Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), two different devices used in power systems to improve voltage stability and power quality. Although both are designed to mitigate voltage disturbances, they operate in different ways and have distinct features. Let us compare them based on their characteristics (Table 1) [9].

Parameter	DVR	DSTATCOM
Operation	A DVR is a power electronics-based device that is connected in series with the distribution line. It continuously monitors the voltage at its point of connection and injects a voltage in series with the line to compensate for voltage sags or swells.	A DSTATCOM is also a power electronics-based device, but it is connected in parallel with the distribution line. It actively injects reactive power into the system to stabilize voltage, compensate for reactive power demand, and improve power factor.
Function	The primary function of a DVR is to mitigate voltage sags and swells caused by various disturbances such as faults, sudden load changes, or system switching operations.	The main function of a DSTATCOM is to regulate voltage and maintain power factor at the point of connection, compensating for reactive power demand and improving voltage stability.
Compensation Time	DVRs are generally capable of providing rapid voltage compensation within a few milliseconds, as they are designed to quickly respond to voltage disturbances.	DSTATCOMs can also respond quickly to voltage fluctuations and provide compensation, but their response time might be slightly longer compared to DVRs due to their different configuration.
Installation Location	DVRs are typically installed close to critical loads to protect them from voltage variations and ensure continuous operation.	DSTATCOMs are often installed at distribution substations or near industrial loads to enhance voltage stability and power quality for the entire distribution network.
Application Scope	The DVR is specifically designed to address voltage quality issues such as voltage sags and swells in sensitive loads like data centers, industrial processes, and critical facilities.	DSTATCOMs are more versatile and can be applied to various scenarios, including voltage regulation in distribution systems, power factor correction, and reactive power compensation for individual loads or groups of loads.
Cost-effective	DVRs can be more expensive due to their high-speed power electronics and sophisticated control systems.	DSTATCOMs are generally more cost-effective and easier to implement, making them suitable for broader applications.

Table 1.

Comparison of DVR and DSTATCOM.

9. Conclusion

The Power Quality issues, including voltage dips, swells, and interruptions, as well as mitigation strategies for specialized power electronic devices like DVR and D-STATCOM, have been covered in this chapter. Comprehensive findings are provided together with the design and implementations of DVR and DSTATCOM for voltage sags, interruptions, and swells. In order to operate the electronic valves in the VSI utilized in the DSTATCOM and DVR, a new PWM-based control system has been created. Unlike basic frequency switching strategies that are already included in MATLAB/Simulink, this PWM control system requires just voltage data. It is perfect for low-voltage bespoke power applications because of this feature. The simulation results of the simulations demonstrated that the DVR had comparatively superior voltage regulating capabilities [4]. It was also noted that the rating of the DC storage device affects DSTATCOM’s ability to regulate voltage and provide power compensation. The simulation results shown exhibit high accuracy.