Perspective Chapter: Bridging the Gap – Addressing the Marginalisation of Individuals with Mental Health Disabilities

Abstract

The marginalisation of individuals with mental health disabilities is a significant issue in modern society. Systemic inequalities, discrimination, and prejudice contribute to the marginalisation of these individuals. Factors such as historical oppression, social exclusion, and economic inequality further exacerbate the problem. Mental health disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, and addressing the marginalisation of individuals with mental health disabilities is crucial for promoting equal access to education, employment, healthcare, and overall social well-being. Education, employment, and healthcare are important areas where individuals with mental health disabilities face marginalisation, and legal and policy reforms are necessary to protect their rights and welfare. Additionally, addressing marginalisation of persons with mental health challenges requires awareness, advocacy, and policy changes to create a society that embraces diversity and provides necessary care and support for individuals with mental disabilities.

1. Introduction

Contemporary societies are confronted with many disparities and the marginalisation of specific demographic groups. The existence of these gaps can be traced back to historical, social, economic, and political forces that have continuously marginalised specific people. Marginalised communities including racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals, individuals with disabilities, immigrants, and individuals experiencing economic adversity. The presence of inequalities and marginalisation in communities leads to many repercussions. It is crucial to emphasise the significance of tackling these problems and actively searching for remedies to foster a society that is more inclusive and equitable.

The Marginalisation of persons with mental health disorder will be considered in this work. The marginalisation of mentally disordered persons which includes stigmatisation and exclusion of those who struggle with mental health is still a major problem in modern societies. Stigma and discrimination still prevent people with mental health issues from fully participating in society, even if our knowledge of mental health has advanced. There are social, economic, political and religious marginalisation of these category of persons.

Individuals with mental health disabilities often face marginalisation because of societal discrimination, which can have detrimental effects on their well-being. Stigma and discrimination contribute to social marginalisation and limited access to resources (economic) and opportunities (political). Addressing this issue requires challenging the misconceptions about mental disorder through education and the media, making policies and implementing legal protections, and improving their access to healthcare and support services. Inclusion and empowerment can be promoted through comprehensive mental health education, creating inclusive workplaces, and involving individuals with lived experiences in decision-making processes. A collaborative effort is needed from policymakers, healthcare providers, educators, employers, and the public to create a society that values the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health disorder.

Few research questions will guide this study and investigations aimed at understanding the underlying factors contributing to the marginalisation of individuals with mental health disabilities and identifying effective strategies and interventions to address this issue. The primary focus of this research inquiry is to determine the most efficacious approaches and measures for mitigating the marginalisation of persons with mental health disorders and advancing their integration and self-determination within society. What are the specific challenges faced by individuals with mental health disabilities in accessing resources and opportunities?

1. How can collaborations between policymakers, healthcare providers, educators, employers, and the public be fostered to create a society that values the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health disabilities?

2. How can various societal mechanisms, including education, media, policies, and legal protections, be utilised to challenge misconceptions, promote rights, well-being, and inclusion, and reduce stigma surrounding mental health disorders leading to Marginalisation?

3. What measures and benefits can be identified for fostering inclusive workplaces, accommodating individuals with mental health disabilities, and addressing long-term outcomes of marginalisation while promoting inclusion and empowerment in society?

The findings from this research can inform policy development, program implementation, and advocacy efforts to create a more inclusive and supportive society for individuals with mental health disabilities. This work intends to establish that by addressing societal discrimination and promoting inclusion and empowerment, the well-being and quality of life of individuals with mental health disabilities can be improved. This premise suggests that when individuals with mental health disabilities are provided with equal opportunities, access to resources, education, and supportive environments, they will experience improved mental health outcomes and overall well-being.

This work will use the researched studies/resources to confirm that individuals with mental health disabilities often face marginalisation and discrimination, which can lead to negative health outcomes and reduced quality of life. Stigma and discrimination contribute to social marginalisation, limiting their access to resources, opportunities, and support systems. This marginalisation can exacerbate mental health issues and create barriers to recovery and social inclusion.

To arrive at the conclusion, this research would use a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative method can be used to assess the well-being and quality of life of individuals with mental health disabilities, identifying ways they have experienced discrimination and marginalisation. Additionally, quantitative review of these groups will be conducted to gather in-depth insights into the experiences and perspectives of individuals with mental health disabilities.

The research would explore various factors that contribute to marginalisation and discrimination, such as societal attitudes, access to healthcare and support services, workplace inclusion, and the role of education and media in shaping perceptions of mental health. By examining these factors, this research can identify the specific areas that need improvement to address the marginalisation of individuals with mental health disabilities. Hence, the research suggests that addressing societal discrimination and promoting inclusion and empowerment can improve the well-being and quality of life for individuals with mental health disabilities. By conducting research and implementing evidence-based interventions, it is possible to create a society that values the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health disabilities and reduces their marginalisation.

This essay will focus on the effects of marginalisation on persons with mental health disorders and will attempt to address the inequality that these individuals face. Key concepts, such as marginalisation and mental disorders, will be defined first. Better analyses of the subject of this work will result from a better understanding of these words and their meanings. Above all else, we must figure out a way to reduce societal inequalities.

2. Explanation of marginalisation and how it relates to disabled persons

The practice of marginalisation arises from deeply entrenched systemic and structural inequalities that sustain the uneven allocation of authority, resources, and prospects. The perpetuation of these situations is frequently caused by discrimination, prejudice, and preconceptions, leading to the marginalisation of specific populations. Historical and institutionalised forms of oppression, such as colonialism, slavery, and apartheid, have additionally had a role in the marginalisation of communities, resulting in enduring consequences of inequality and injustice [1]. Treating certain group of people badly during the colonial days around the world is an example of marginalisation. Unfortunately, some indigenous communities (like in Africa) have been mistreated and ignored for hundreds of years, and many have lost their original lands, traditional items, and even their political independence. Within many countries, certain categories of persons or races/foreigners face deep-seated bias, poor healthcare, and unequal poverty. Consequences of colonisation and other systemic injustices have kept them on the edges of society, limiting their ability to exercise their right to self-determination and fully take part in all areas of society [2, 3].

Marginalisation is also referred simply as social exclusion [3]. This term is the act of denying specific groups of individuals access to various aspects of society. Various reasons, such as personal circumstances, health challenges and insufficient financial resources, might contribute to the restriction of access to institutions and opportunities. Also, factors such as age, gender, sexual orientation, financial status, disability, and ethnicity all contribute to marginalisation. Health care, good education, and jobs that would improve their well-being are often out of reach for marginalised communities [4]. Marginalisation is the act of excluding individuals or groups from society, denying them the essential resources, authority, and social networks needed for complete involvement. Marginalisation occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a group, leaving them in a state of vulnerability.

Furthermore, marginalisation can manifest in various forms, including economic, political, and social exclusion, leading to profound inequality and injustice within communities [4, 5]. Economic marginalisation is characterised by disparities in wealth and employment opportunities. Political marginalisation occurs when individuals have difficulties in participating in the political process. Social marginalisation occurs when individuals are unable to participate in typical leisure activities. Discrimination, bias, poverty, and institutional disadvantages can all serve as catalysts for marginalisation. Marginalisation leads to criminal behaviour, less access to resources, and mental stress [5].

Persons with mental health disabilities often experience marginalisation due to societal misconceptions, fear, and stereotypes surrounding mental health. This marginalisation perpetuates a cycle of inequality, hindering their access to education, employment, healthcare, and overall social well-being. Focusing on the marginalisation of those dealing with mental health challenges, this work seeks solutions to this problem.

There are important theoretical, policy, and practical ramifications to identifying situations relating to the marginalisation of people with mental health disorders. Theoretically, it emphasises the necessity of opposing and dismantling the prevalent cultural norms and ideas that support prejudice and stigma. It advocates for a more compassionate and inclusive approach by calling for a change in the way we think about mental health and disabilities.

The unique needs of marginalised mentally disabled people have led to this study and validates this research from a policymaking perspective. To safeguard the rights of people with mental health disabilities, this entails establishing anti-discrimination legislation and regulations, encouraging mental health education and awareness, and guaranteeing equitable access to mental healthcare services. Policies should also work to lower the social and economic barriers that lead to.

3. Mental health challenges/disabilities

Everyone, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic status, is vulnerable to mental health disabilities, making them a major global problem. Sadly, people with mental health issues are frequently marginalised throughout communities/societies because these issues are not given the attention they deserve. By using the qualitative method, reviews of literature in this section will help the understanding of what mental health disability means. It will help us understand those that are marginalised because of their mental disability.

The World Health Organisation provides useful insights regarding the definition of mental diseases. As to the World Health Organisation (WHO), mental disorders encompass substantial disruptions in cognition, emotional control, or conduct [6]. According to them, these disruptions might appear in several ways, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic illnesses, and substance use disorders [7]. Typically, it is linked to feelings of anxiety or limitations in crucial aspects of functioning [6]. There exists a wide array of diverse mental diseases. Mental health issues refer to a wider range of conditions, including mental disorders, psychosocial disabilities, and other mental states that cause severe distress, limit functioning, or pose a danger of self-harm [6, 7].

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental diseases (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), offers a diagnostic criteria and guidelines for mental health practitioners in the United States and other countries. The DSM defines a mental disorder as a syndrome or pattern of behaviour or psychology that occurs in an individual and indicates an underlying dysfunction in psychobiology. A mental condition leads to considerable suffering or incapacity in one or more crucial areas of functioning, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013 [8].

The exemplar-focused approach as explained by Zachar & Kendler provides another way of looking at mental disorder definitions; it stresses the significance of looking at real-life examples of the problem. Finding patterns and similarities among people who have comparable symptoms and experiences is the goal of this method. It rejects the use of diagnostic criteria in favour of an appreciation of people’s actual experiences when dealing with mental illness [9].

Furthermore, the term mental disorder has been extensively reviewed by the work of many scholars, researchers, and writers. Their contributions have been crucial in developing modern diagnostic tools and treatment modalities. The works and influence of some of these writers have helped the understanding of mental disorder. The 1980 DSM-III was authored by a distinguished group of psychiatrists, with Dr. Robert Spitzer serving as chair. Much of what is known about mental illness today owes its classification and comprehension to his push for stricter and more standardised methods of psychiatric diagnosis. The groundwork for further DSM versions was laid by Dr. Spitzer’s study [10]. As a psychiatrist, Dr. Thomas Szasz was known for his criticisms of the conventional wisdom around mental illness. He maintained that mental illness is more of a way of life issue that needs individual effort and societal reform than a real medical disease. “The Myth of Mental Illness,” a seminal work by Dr. Szasz published in 1961, spurred discussions regarding the foundations of psychiatric diagnosis and questioned long-held assumptions about mental illness [11].

Mental illness has been greatly advanced by the work of philosopher and psychologist Dr. Jerome Wakefield. By highlighting the significance of both bodily dysfunction and the detrimental effects of that dysfunction, he put forward the idea of “harmful dysfunction” as a standard for classifying mental diseases. Discussions regarding the limits of normalcy and psychopathology have been shaped by Dr. Wakefield’s research [12]. Also, neuroscientist and psychiatrist Dr. Nancy Andreasen has made a name for herself studying schizophrenia and other serious mental diseases. The neurobiology of mental illness, its genetic underpinnings, and the potential of brain imaging for diagnosis and therapy have all been the subject of her research. Our knowledge of the biological bases of mental diseases has been enhanced by Dr. Andreasen’s work and others not mentioned [13].

Finally, NHS has provided a long list of mental health disorders: Agoraphobia, Anorexia nervosa, Antisocial personality disorder, Binge, eating disorder, Bipolar disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Bulimia, Claustrophobia, Cyclothymia, Depression, Dissociative disorders, Eating disorders, Fabricated or induced illness, General anxiety disorder, Health anxiety, Hoarding disorder, Munchausen syndrome, Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Panic disorder, Personality disorder, Phobias, Postnatal depression, Postpartum psychosis, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psychosis, Psychotic depression, Schizophrenia, Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), Selective mutism, Skin picking disorder, Social anxiety (social phobia), Stress, Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) and more not mentioned [14, 15, 16]. The prevalence of mental diseases is demonstrated by this rather lengthy list [17].

Mental health disorder is caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Biological factors such as physical health, genetics, diet, sleep, and age can impact mental health. Psychological factors such as beliefs, mental health diagnoses, perception, and addictions also play a role. Social factors, including work, diet, drugs, lack of sleep, and childhood experiences, can affect mental health. Trauma, stress, and personality traits can increase the risk of mental illness. Environmental factors, such as aesthetics and important objects, can also impact mental health [18].

Mental diseases, according to some writers, have multiple causes, including both genetics and the environment [19]. Certain genes and inherited characteristics can raise the likelihood of mental illness, but prenatal exposure to environmental stresses or pollutants can also play a part [20]. Biological variables and mental health are intricately related, as recent studies have shown [21]. Treatment success depends on a firm grasp of the biological underpinnings of mental health, even though social and psychological aspects play a significant role. There is a strong hereditary component; some variants and genes are more likely to cause mental illness. Epigenetics, the study of modifications to gene expression, is likewise significant [20, 21, 22]. Beyond the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and inflammation, other biological elements associated with mental health include the gut microbiota. Mental capacities are closely related to physiological mechanisms. When considering the factors that influence mental health outcomes, it is crucial to acknowledge the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social elements [23].

Mental health issues like depression can develop from imbalances in the brain. Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a mental illness include: a personal or familial history of the disorder; high levels of stress in one’s life; long-term health problems; brain injury; traumatic experiences; substance misuse; neglect or abuse in infancy; and an absence of social support [24]. The research referred to in this section have successfully identified potential persons under the marginalised mentally disabled persons. Identifying these persons or those affected is the first step to a solution or solving the problem.

4. Marginalisation of the mentally impaired in society

The marginalisation of the mentally impaired in society reflects the ignorance and lack of compassion that is prevalent in the human mind. In Buddhism, every human being, regardless of their mental capacity, are deserving of compassion and respect. It is our duty to cultivate loving-kindness and to work towards creating a society that embraces and supports individuals with mental disabilities [25]. The marginalisation of the mentally impaired stems from the societal emphasis on conventional standards of worth and productivity. The Tao Te Ching emphasised the importance of embracing the inherent value of all individuals, regardless of their mental faculties. Society should strive to create an environment where everyone is accepted and supported in their unique expression of the Tao. Laozi [26].

Yangming explained that the marginalisation of the mentally impaired is a consequence of the failure to recognise the interconnectedness of all minds. From the perspective of the Philosophy of Mind, it is crucial to understand that the mind is not confined to individual bodies, but rather extends to encompass the entire world. Therefore, the marginalisation of the mentally impaired is a denial of this fundamental interconnectedness [27]. Furthermore, the marginalisation of the mentally impaired reflects a lack of understanding and empathy within society. In the yogic tradition, we recognise the intricate connection between the mind and the body. It is essential to create an inclusive society that acknowledges the diverse manifestations of the human experience and provides support and care for those with mental disabilities [28].

Simply put when people with mental disabilities are economically, socially, and culturally excluded from society, it is called marginalisation. A lack of opportunity in areas such as education, work, healthcare, and social interactions is one manifestation of this marginalisation. Those who suffer from mental disabilities have endured discrimination, being institutionalised, and stigma for a long time. Lennard J. Davis explored the historical treatment of individuals with disabilities in her book “The Disability Studies Reader,” showing how their experiences have been defined by widespread views of discrimination and exclusion [29]. In addition, scholars such as Michael L. Wehmeyer and K. Charlie Lakin, who authored “The Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Disability and Development,” shed light on how policies and practices have evolved over time, causing intellectually disabled people to be marginalised [30, 31].

4.1 Social barriers

Societal stigma and discrimination are major contributors to the marginalisation of people with mental disabilities. Individuals with mental disabilities are frequently marginalised due to societal misunderstandings and unfavourable preconceptions. Erving Goffman explained how negative opinions of people with mental disabilities can cause them to be socially marginalised [31, 32]. Furthermore, Michelle R. Nario-Redmond explained similarly the impact of stigma and prejudice on the lives of people with mental impairments [32]. Stigmatisation of mental health issues is fuelled by deeply held cultural beliefs, misunderstandings, and an overall lack of awareness [33]. Due to stigmatisation, many people avoid getting care for fear of being called “crazy” or “weak.” Talking openly about mental health is hindered by stigma, which keeps people from breaking the cycle of marginalisation.

In some cultures, mental health issues are frequently attributed to supernatural elements or regarded as repercussions for perceived wrongdoing [34]. The cultural viewpoint can sway individuals to choose traditional therapeutic methods over evidence-based therapies, leading to their exclusion within the wider healthcare system [35]. Traditional healing techniques encompass a range of activities such as rituals, ceremonies, and consultations with traditional healers. These healers are thought to possess expertise in dealing with the spiritual or supernatural aspects of mental health. The utilisation of traditional methods highlights the significance of employing culturally sensitive methodologies in mental healthcare to bridge gaps and foster comprehension.

Mentally disabled people frequently encounter social isolation as a direct result of the social obstacles they encounter. As a result of societal prejudice and bias, individuals frequently encounter difficulties in forming and sustaining social relationships, resulting in emotions of isolation, marginalisation, and a sense of not fitting in. Social barriers may appear in different forms, such as the hesitancy of individuals to participate in social contacts, restricted availability of public venues and community events, and the lack of inclusive social initiatives. These barriers hinder individuals with mental disabilities from establishing significant connections, engaging in leisure activities, and making contributions to communal life.

Persons with mental health challenges may face discrimination in education, employment, and social relationships, limiting their opportunities for recovery and integration into the society/community.

4.2 Limited access to education

Education is a crucial aspect of a person’s life, shaping their opportunities, social status, and overall well-being. Unfortunately, individuals with mental disorder often face marginalisation in this domain, leading to significant challenges in their lives. The lack of access to quality education opportunities exacerbates their marginalisation, leading to increased vulnerability and social isolation. Barriers to Obtaining Education:

• Stigmatisation and prejudice: Individuals with mental disorders frequently encounter societal prejudices and bias, resulting in major barriers to their educational pursuits. The prevailing unfavourable attitudes and beliefs held by society regarding mental disorders are a significant factor in the implementation of exclusionary policies inside educational institutions [36]. These biases can lead to the rejection of admission, restricted educational assistance, and separated classrooms, exacerbating the marginalisation of these persons.

• Inadequate Support Systems: Education systems sometimes lack the requisite resources and support structures to adequately cater to the different learning requirements of individuals with mental disorders [37]. Inadequate teacher training, absence of specialised educational resources, and inaccessible physical conditions all contribute to the exclusion of individuals from mainstream educational settings. Students with mental problems may have unique needs, and many teachers may not be prepared to meet those needs. This could make it hard for them to provide the appropriate support to students with varying learning styles and change their teaching approaches accordingly. Some schools may not have enough specialised staff, such as counsellors or learning support assistants, to provide mentally disabled students with the comprehensive care they need.

People with mental problems may not have access to adequate or any educational equipment or facilities that are tailored to their specific requirements. Without these tools, it is difficult for educators to meet the diverse needs of their students [37]. The schools might have physical conditions that are not accessible to mentally disabled persons. Some students with mental health issues may have trouble learning in traditional classroom settings because of physical factors like desk placement or lack of accessible technology. Lessons may be less engaging and participative in places in school that are difficult to access by the mentally disordered individual.

Educational prospects for people with mental disabilities are severely limited due to their marginalisation in school opportunities. This makes it harder for them to reach their maximum potential and be an integral part of society [38]. Additionally, this stance on education may result in heightened vulnerability. Individuals with mental disorders who lack access to high-quality education are prone to experiencing unemployment, poverty, and social exclusion. Their restricted access to quality education sustains their reliance on external assistance and curtails their capacity to make substantial contributions to the community.

4.3 Barriers to employment access

Stereotypes and Preconceptions: Adverse perceptions and preconceived notions about mental disorders constitute substantial obstacles in the field of employment. Misconceptions regarding the capabilities of individuals with mental impairments are frequently held by employers, resulting in discriminatory recruiting practices and restricted employment prospects [38].

Also, workplaces often do not have the essential accommodations and support systems required to permit the employment of individuals with mental impairments. This encompasses modifications to job responsibilities that are reasonable, flexible work arrangements or assistive technologies, and workplace rules that promote inclusivity [39].

4.4 Limited access to mental health services

Limited mental healthcare pertains to imbalances in the accessibility, quality, and care received by the mentally disabled persons within a population. People with mental impairments experience significant healthcare discriminations, including restricted availability of mental health services and biased treatment in healthcare environments [40]. The existence of such disparities poses significant obstacles for those who are seeking medical treatment, hence worsening the difficulties that are already connected with mental disorders.

The limited availability of mental health care is one of the most significant obstacles that people in Africa who are struggling with their mental health conditions must contend with. More than seventy per cent of individuals who are in need do not have access to care, which has created an unacceptably large treatment gap [41]. Some of the factors that contribute to this discrepancy include poor infrastructure, low levels of government investment, and a lack of specialists working in the field of mental health [42]. The average amount of money that African governments spend on mental health is less than fifty cents per person, which is far less than the two dollars per person that is suggested for low-income nations [43].

Correspondingly, even though Europe’s mental health systems may be more established than those in Africa, there are still challenges that exist in Europe. There are millions of people in Europe who are disabled due to mental health disorders, making them the primary cause of disability. Access to services continues to be unequal among countries, notwithstanding the progress that has been made in the field of mental health treatment. When it comes to gaining access to mental health support, marginalised groups such as immigrants, migrants, and the homeless confront additional hurdles that are not shared by other groups [44].

Healthcare systemic issues reveal the marginalisation of people with mental impairments. Inadequate tools for mental health diagnosis, treatment, and support are included in the lack of accessibility to mental health care services. On top of everything else, these people encounter discrimination in healthcare settings, which makes it even more difficult for them to receive fair and considerate medical treatment. As people are not comfortable interacting or associating with these group.

Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure simply shows the struggle with limited mental healthcare infrastructure, including a shortage of trained professionals, lack of specialised facilities, and limited access to essential medications. This results in a significant treatment gap, leaving individuals without the necessary support for their mental health conditions. The availability and accessibility of mental health services vary across countries. Fragmented systems, long waiting times, and limited resources can hinder individuals from accessing timely and appropriate care. This can lead to delayed interventions, exacerbating mental health conditions and marginalisation.

4.5 Legal and policy frameworks

The rights and welfare of people with mental disabilities are safeguarded by legal and legislative frameworks. Nevertheless, this disadvantaged population may be further marginalised due to shortcomings and inadequacies within the legal systems. Legal and policy frameworks play a vital role in protecting the rights of mentally disabled individuals and ensuring their equal treatment within society [45]. However, existing laws and policies often fall short in addressing the specific needs and challenges faced by this population, perpetuating their marginalisation [46].

To dismantle social barriers and promote the inclusion of mentally disabled individuals, legal and policy reforms are necessary. This includes enacting comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation, ensuring accessibility in all areas of life, and promoting the full participation and representation of mentally disabled individuals in decision-making processes [47]. People with mental disabilities continue to face discrimination and social stigma even if they are protected by law. One factor that contributes to marginalisation is the lack of endeavours to question and altar society norms. Inadequate public awareness campaigns, for example, can keep harmful preconceptions alive and prevent people from fully participating in society, even while anti-discrimination legislation exist [47].

Although mental health services are required by law, few people get them due to a lack of resources and support systems. People with mental disabilities may get inadequate or delayed treatment as a result, which further isolates them from the healthcare system.

There may be gaps in legal frameworks that address the ability of people with mental disorders to make decisions, which may result in marginalisation of certain individuals. To illustrate this concept, paternalistic practices can be the outcome of laws that restrict the autonomy and involvement of individuals with mental disorders in decision-making processes. These laws restrict the ability of individuals with mental disorders to make decisions about their own lives without the appropriate support.

One major issue is the insufficient enforcement of legislation meant to protect the rights of people with mental disorders. Protection may be inadequate due to shortcomings in enforcing certain laws, such as inadequate monitoring, funding, or enforcement methods. For instance, if a law prohibiting discrimination in the workplace is not enforced, it could have the opposite effect of its intended goal—ensuring equal employment opportunities for those with mental disorders. Hence, efforts should be made to strengthen enforcement mechanisms and provide accessible avenues for individuals to seek redress when their rights are violated. By creating a legal and policy framework that upholds the rights and equality of mentally disabled individuals, society can work towards a more inclusive and accepting future.

The effective protection and inclusion of individuals with mental disabilities within society can only be achieved by a complete approach that addresses these weaknesses. This approach should involve legislative reforms, enhanced public awareness, financial allocation, and continual advocacy.

4.6 Marginalisation and intersectionality

Mentally disabled people face multiple layers of oppression, including those based on gender, race, and financial class. In her book “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Colour,” Kimberlé Crenshaw explains how different types of marginalisation can have a multiplicative effect. For instance, people with mental disorders who are also members of racial or ethnic minority groups may encounter additional obstacles that restrict their ability to access resources and opportunities [48].

People struggling with mental health issues frequently encounter supplementary impairments in societies around the globe, which exacerbates their preexisting conditions. People already confront significant difficulties in daily life, and those with physical disabilities, mental illnesses, or neurological developmental disorders have it even worse. Another factor that keeps people at the margins is the absence of accessible policies and support services.

5. The effects of marginalisation of the mentally disabled persons

The exclusion and marginalisation of individuals with mental health challenges have profound repercussions on their psychological well-being. The persistent feeling of being excluded and undervalued can intensify preexisting mental health disorders, resulting in heightened seclusion, diminished self-worth, and potentially even contemplation of suicide. Furthermore, the dearth of prospects for personal development and job chances severely constrains their capacity to lead satisfying lives.

This marginalisation has detrimental effects on their psychological well-being and overall quality of life. This paper aims to explore the various effects of marginalisation on mentally disabled individuals and shed light on the importance of creating an inclusive and supportive society. Through the qualitative and quantitative data reviewed above this study identified the following at the negative impact of marginalisation on disabled persons.

5.1 The psychological effects of marginalisation

1. Increased emotions of loneliness and isolation: People with mental disabilities frequently feel excluded from communities and social activities, which leaves them without social support systems. Because they do not have the emotional support and validation that come from social contacts, those who are alone are more likely to experience anxiety and sadness.

2. Diminished self-worth and self-esteem: People who internalise negative societal views and stereotypes concerning mental disabilities may experience a decline in their sense of self-worth and self-belief. Their ability to establish a positive sense of self can be hampered by the constant onslaught of negative messages, which can have a deleterious effect on identity formation.

3. Increased risk of suicidal thoughts and self-harm: People with mental disabilities are more likely to feel hopeless and depressed due to a mix of factors including social isolation, restricted access to mental health treatments, and the stigma associated with mental illness. In the absence of appropriate assistance and guidance, these people can turn to self-harm or contemplate suicide.

5.2 Impact on social and emotional well-being

1. Limited opportunities for personal growth: People with mental disabilities frequently encounter obstacles when attempting to obtain education and vocational training, which impedes their ability to reach their full potential. They may feel less fulfilled and have a lower feeling of purpose because of not having enough opportunities to fully explore their interests and abilities.

2. Strained interpersonal relationships: It is hard for people with mental disabilities to make and keep friends because of social stigma and discrimination against them. As a consequence of the hostility they encounter, they are unable to fully integrate into society, which leaves them open to abuse and exploitation. Their alienation and marginalisation are exacerbated by these tense interpersonal ties.

3. Reduced quality of life: People with mental disabilities are less able to fully participate in society as a result of their limited participation in community activities. Their general well-being is further hampered by obstacles to receiving healthcare and other supports, which lowers their quality of life and decreases their level of happiness with their situation.

5.3 Long-term consequences

1. Cycle of marginalisation and poverty: Mentally disabled individuals often face limited economic opportunities due to discrimination and lack of support. This leads to increased dependence on social welfare systems, perpetuating a cycle of marginalisation and poverty. The persistent inequality and disadvantage they experience hinder their ability to escape the cycle.

2. Health disparities and comorbidities: Mentally disabled individuals are more likely to experience physical health issues, which are often overlooked or neglected due to limited access to healthcare services. Additionally, the stress and challenges associated with marginalisation increase the risk of developing substance abuse disorders, further exacerbating their health disparities.

3. Impact on family and caregivers: The marginalisation of mentally disabled individuals places a significant emotional and financial burden on their families and caregivers. Limited support systems for families further compound the challenges they face, resulting in increased stress and caregiver burnout.

This section identified the problem with marginalisation of disabled persons and the consequences. The marginalisation of mentally disabled individuals has far-reaching consequences on their psychological well-being, social integration, and overall quality of life. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes promoting inclusivity, combating stigma, and providing adequate support and resources. Creating a society that values and respects the rights and dignity of all individuals, regardless of their mental abilities, is essential for fostering a more equitable and compassionate world (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Psychological Impact of Marginalisation. A: Increased feelings of isolation and loneliness. B: Diminished self-worth and self-esteem. C: Higher risk of suicidal ideation and self-harm. D: Limited opportunities for personal development. E: Strained interpersonal relationships. F: Impaired quality of life. G: Long-term consequences.

6. Breaking the cycle of marginalisation

Addressing mental health challenges and disabilities requires a multi-faceted approach that focuses on awareness, advocacy, and policy changes. Indeed, the marginalisation of the mentally impaired calls for a transformation in the collective consciousness. It is only through the cultivation of compassion and understanding that we can create a society that truly embraces the diversity of the human experience. The Society must learn to appreciate the inherent value of everyone, without imposing arbitrary standards of worth. The acceptance of all beings, regardless of their mental capacity, is an essential step towards embodying the principles of the Tao. We must recognise that the marginalisation of the mentally impaired reflects our failure to acknowledge the interconnected nature of all minds.

By understanding the unity of perception, we can foster an environment of inclusivity and support for those with mental disabilities. It is imperative to foster a society that celebrates the diversity of human appearance and provides the necessary care and support for individuals with mental disabilities. Through empathy and action, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and compassionate world.

The re-evaluation of societal values and the recognition of the intrinsic worth of all individuals are crucial in addressing the marginalisation of the mentally disordered. It is a call to transcend the limitations of traditional power structures and embrace a more inclusive and empowering perspective. The pursuit of wisdom entails not only the acquisition of knowledge but also the cultivation of empathy and justice. It is through the education and enlightenment of individuals that we can strive towards a society that upholds the dignity and rights of all, including those with mental disabilities [49].

The world faces unique challenges in addressing mental health issues, often resulting from a combination of socio-economic factors, cultural beliefs, and inadequate healthcare systems. Limited research and funding exacerbate the situation, leading to a lack of understanding and resources to support those with mental health conditions. Increasing Awareness and reducing stigma is important and needed. Education campaigns and community engagement programs can help raise awareness about mental health and reduce stigma [50]. Promoting open conversations and challenging negative stereotypes can create a more inclusive society [51].

To combat marginalisation, raising awareness about mental health disorders and debunking myths and stereotypes is crucial. Education campaigns and community initiatives can help foster a more compassionate and understanding society, encouraging empathy and acceptance towards individuals with mental health disabilities [52].

The government should prioritise the improvement of social support systems. Establishing effective social support networks is crucial for those experiencing mental health issues. Local communities can develop peer support groups, which provide a platform for individuals to discuss their experiences and get emotional support. These groups offer a secure environment for individuals to openly share their difficulties and cultivate effective methods for dealing with them, all while promoting a feeling of inclusion [53].

Individuals with mental health disabilities experience much higher rates of unemployment. To address this issue, employers should proactively advocate for inclusive employment practices and offer appropriate accommodations to those with mental health challenges. These measures may encompass implementing adaptable work schedules, adjusting job responsibilities, and cultivating a nurturing work atmosphere that prioritises mental wellness.

Education is crucial in empowering those who have mental health issues. To provide equitable access to education for all students, it is imperative to adopt inclusive policies and provisions in educational institutions. This includes offering mental health resources, providing training for educators, and cultivating an inclusive learning environment.

Next, we must fortify our mental health systems. Governments across the world need to make mental health a top priority and pour more resources into mental health services and facilities. The Government must make plans to train more mental health workers, improve our infrastructure, and everyone should be able to afford and easily obtain mental health care. Individuals with mental health disabilities require essential access to mental healthcare services. It is imperative for governments and healthcare organisations to give utmost importance to the advancement and enlargement of mental health infrastructure, guaranteeing cost-effective and easily reachable treatment alternatives. This encompasses augmenting the quantity of mental health practitioners, establishing support programmes based in local communities, and using telemedicine services to access marginalised populations residing in remote regions.

Services that consider both mental health and disability are necessary because these two issues are often experienced simultaneously. This involves doing things like making mental health services more accessible, creating inclusive policies, and helping people with impairments and mental health issues find jobs. Part of this process will involve providing people and groups with the tools they need to succeed. To help people with disabilities and mental health issues live happy lives, it is important to provide them with the services they need. As part of this effort, we must encourage community-based programmes, peer support networks, and self-advocacy.

The focus of advocacy activities should be directed at exerting influence on policies that safeguard the rights of individuals with mental health problems. This encompasses promoting legislation against discrimination, campaigning for practical adjustments in the workplace, and securing additional financial resources for mental health support. Meaningful policy changes can be achieved through the collaboration of governments, non-governmental organisations, and individuals who have personal experiences [54]. Governments must prioritise mental health by allocating sufficient funding and developing comprehensive policies that address stigma, improve access to services, and promote community-based support systems [55].

7. Conclusion

The study examined the social marginalisation experienced by individuals with mental health problems and sought to tackle the inequalities they encounter. After defining marginalisation as the act of excluding specific people from society and depriving them of access to resources and opportunities. It examined the meaning of mental disorders and the types of mental disorder recognised in society. It further explored the elements that contribute to the marginalisation of individuals with mental disorders. This review led to the recognition that Mental health disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Factors such as discrimination, prejudice, and institutional disadvantages contribute to marginalisation. Individuals with mental health problems frequently encounter marginalisation because of societal misunderstandings and preconceived notions. This work identified inequalities and factors impeding their access to school, employment, healthcare, and social activities. Gaining insight into the factors that lead to marginalisation and the resulting effects was essential for identifying remedies and advancing inclusion into the society on equal bases for individuals with mental health problems. Ultimately, these studies demonstrated that individuals facing mental health issues and disabilities frequently experience marginalisation within society.

This work resolved that to solve the inequalities or marginalisation of the disabled in the society, it is necessary to adopt a holistic strategy that encompasses combating social disapproval, enhancing the availability of mental health care, and fostering a sense of inclusiveness both in education and legislation. To establish a society that genuinely prioritises the mental well-being and rights of all individuals, irrespective of their disabilities or mental health challenges, it is imperative to put an end to the perpetuation of marginalisation.

To address the marginalisation experienced by individuals with mental health disorder, it is necessary to engage in collaborative and ongoing efforts. This can be accomplished by increasing public knowledge, confronting social prejudice, enhancing availability of mental healthcare services, strengthening social support networks, encouraging inclusive workplace policies, empowering individuals via education, and pushing for policy reforms. Through the implementation of these efforts, we may establish a society that is more inclusive and equal.

Society has the obligation to guarantee that individuals with mental health problems are no longer excluded but instead regarded and assisted as valuable members of our communities. To address this issue, it is necessary to engage in political activism, comprehend the consequences of marginalisation, and allocate resources to support public services and infrastructure. Marginalisation is the result of different mechanisms, such as stigma, prejudice, insufficient healthcare infrastructure, and low resources. Societies can strive to reduce or eliminate marginalisation and foster mental well-being for all persons by implementing policy reforms, conducting awareness campaigns, education and providing community assistance.

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my partner and children, Millie and Owen, for their unwavering support throughout the process of writing this article. Millie and Owen, my beloved children, you are my endless source of inspiration. Your curiosity, innocence, and boundless energy remind me of the importance of the work I do. You have taught me to view the world through a fresh lens, to question conventional wisdom, and to never stop seeking knowledge. Your unwavering belief in me has given me the strength to pursue my passions and make a difference.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.